Igneous Rocks and Volcanoes

View From Space - Klyuchevskaya, Russia

Magma molten rock beneath

the surface
Lava molten rock on the
surface

Igneous Rocks Cool from the

Molten State
Volcanic -- Erupted on Surface
Plutonic -- Solidify Within Earth
Large Grain Size ---> Slow Cooling
Volcanic Rocks -- Fine Grained
Plutonic Rocks -- Coarse Grained
Porphyritic Texture:
Large Crystals in Fine-grained Setting

Igneous Rock Classification

How Much Silica? (account for Si)
Excess - Rock Has Quartz
Just Enough to Form Other Silicates
Deficient - Silica-Poor Minerals (Like Olivine)
What Feldspars? (Account for Al, Ca, K, Na )
Potash Feldspar KAlSi3O8
Plagioclase Series
NaAlSi3O8......CaAl2Si2O8
What Other Minerals Are Present? (Account for
Fe, Mg)

Feldspars
K - Feldspar: KAlSi3O8
Several Slightly Different Forms:
Microcline
Orthoclase
Plagioclase (Solid Solution)
Albite:
NaAlSi3O8
Anorthite: CaAl2Si2O8
Any Mixture of the Two Is Possible

Bowen's Reaction Series

The geologist N.L. Bowen found that
minerals tend to form in specific sequences
in igneous rocks
These sequences could be assembled into a
composite sequence.

Bowen's Reaction Series

No igneous rock ever displays the whole sequence, just a slice

across the sequence.

Bowen's Series and Igneous Rocks

Bowen's Series and Igneous

Rocks
Volcanic Rocks
(Rare) Basalt Andesite
Rhyolite
Plutonic Rocks
Dunite Gabbro Diorite
Granite
1200 C
Melting Point
700 C
Mg, Fe
Rich In...
Si, Na, K
Rapid
Weathering
Slow
Usually Dark
Color
Often Light

Bowen's Series and Volcanoes

Volcanic Rocks
(Rare) Basalt Andesite
Plutonic Rocks
Dunite Gabbro Diorite
Fluid
Lava Is...
Mild
Eruptions
Type of Volcano
Shield Volcano Stratovolcano

Rhyolite
Granite
Viscous
Violent
Plug Dome

Some Igneous Rocks Are

Named on Textural Criteria

Pumice - Porous
Obsidian - Glass
Tuff - Cemented Ash
Breccia - Cemented Fragments
Porphyry - Fine Matrix, Large Crystals

Types of Volcanoes

A Cinder
Cone:
Wizard
Island, Crater
Lake, Oregon

Anatomy of a Cinder Cone, Hawaii

Tuff Ring: Diamond Head, Hawaii

Tuff Ring: Diamond Head, Hawaii

Shield Volcano: Haleakala,

Hawaii

Stratovolcano: Mount Shasta,

California

Shastina and Landslide Deposit

Lava Dome, California

Products of Eruptions
Lava Flows
Pyroclastic Debris
Bombs
Lapilli
Ash
Mudflows
Landslides

Gases
Steam
Carbon Dioxide
H2S
SO2
HCl
HF

Environmental Hazards of
Volcanoes
Pollution
SO2, HCl in
Water
Lava Flows
Falling Ejecta
Ash Falls
Building Collapse
Crop Destruction

Mudflows
Direct Damage
(Colombia, 1985)
Floods (Several Types)
Blast (Mt. St. Helens, 1980)
Pyroclastic Flow (St. Pierre,
1902)
Gas (Lake Nyos,
Cameroon, 1986)

Pyroclastic Flow or Nuee

Ardente (French: Fiery Cloud)

How Calderas Form

Crater Lake, Oregon

Jemez Caldera, New Mexico

Collapsing Volcanoes Mount Rainier

Collapsing Volcanoes - Hawaii

Evolution of Volcanoes
An active volcanic landscape

Evolution of Volcanoes
A volcanic landscape after a million years or so