Moving The Teeth

ORTHODONTICS BY MBT TECHNIQUE
The straight wire concept

The birth of a new concept is never an all or none phenomenon. It
is a slow evolution with contributions from many. A new principle is
an inexhaustible source of new views
Nothing in education is more astonishing than the amount of
ignorance it accumulates in the form of inert facts.. However , it is
the amalgamation of these inert facts, put forward by the genius of
our profession, that has led to the high standard of the Preadjusted
Appliance system which it has acquired today
The beauty of this concept is that a more consistent, more ideal
result can be obtained with less physical and mental drain on the
operator in less overall time and minimal discomfort to the patient.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Straight Wire Concept

The straight wire concept is not a product of serendipity,
but is a poetry in design. It is an appliance fully
programmed to combine simplicity and effectiveness
required for the road to success
The genesis of the straight wire appliance was not a
result of a single stray discovery, but rather the result of
numerous experiments. Many individual innovations
were distilled and combined to form this intricate design.
BUILDING TREATMENT INTO

EDGEWISE BRACKETS
HOLDAWAY (1952)
PUBLISHED A LANDMARK ARTICLE IN 1952 DESCRIBED 3
USES OF BRACKET ANGULATION
AIDS IN PARALLELING ROOTS ADJACENT TO EXTRACTION
SITES
METHOD OF SETTING UP POSTERIOR ANCHORAGE
TO OBTAIN CORRECT AXIAL INLINATIONS.
HOLDAWAY

EDGEWISE BRACKETS
JOHN STIFTER
(1958)
BRACKETS WITH MALE AND
FEMALE ATTACHMENT
IVAN LEE(1960)
BRACKETS OF UPPER
ANTERIORS AND LOWER
POSTERIORS HAD TORQUED
SLOTS
JARABACK (1962)
SUGGESTED THAT UPPER
ANTERIORS BE TORQUED
AND
ANGULATED

EDGEWISE BRACKETS
LAWRENCE F. ANDREWS STRAIGHT
WIRE APPLIANCE (1976)
2 PRESCRIPTIONS
STANDARD (NON EXTRACTION)
TRANSLATION (EXTRACTION)
CONCEPT OF THE PEA

APPLIANCE
THE CONCEPT OF THE PEA APPLIANCE EVOLVED

FROM A SERIES OF 5 STUDIES CONDUCTED BY L.F.
ANDREWS.
EXAMINATION OF POST TREATMENT OCCLUSION
STUDY OF NATURALLY OCCURING OPTIMAL
OCCLUSION
THE SIX KEYS TO OPTIMAL OCCLUSION
CROWN MEASUREMENTS
COMPARISON OF TREATED AND NATURAL
OCCLUSION
EXAMINATION OF POST TREATMENT

OCCLUSION
The
first experiment was conducted in

1960
Study models of hundreds of treated
cases submitted to the ABO, E. H. Angle
Soc and Tweed Foundation considered to
be the state of the art in static occlusion in
the US.
EXAMINATION OF POST TREATMENT

OCCLUSION
All models showed some common trendsMolars were in Class I relationship

Incisors were not rotated
No overjet/ crossbite
But there were several inconsistencies like Articulation?

Long axes of teeth adjacent to extraction sites
Inclinations and angulations varied
2nd molar not included
Interdental spacing due to incomplete treatment
Rotation of teeth requiring translation
No mounting to check functional occlusion
Co-Cr coordination
STUDY OF NATURALLY
OCCURING OPTIMAL
2 experiment, 1964, Help of
OCCLUSION
A.G.Brodie
(Univ of Illinois)
nd
With the presumption that

naturally occuring optimal
occlusion is worth emulating.
120 casts of patients with
following featuresNever had undergone
orthodontic treatment
Well aligned teeth, pleasing
appearance
Excellent occlusion
Would not benefit from
orthodontic treatment
The facial axis and mid point of
clinical crown of each tooth
was marked
THE SIX KEYS TO OPTIMAL

OCCLUSION
The third and most important experiment in the

development of the preadjusted appliance
The 6 keys individually were not new but put together
were of special value asComplete set of indicators of optim al occlusion.
Judged by tangible landmarks
Judged from facial/ occlusal view
TERMINOLOGY
Andrews
Clinical
Plane
Crown
TERMINOLOGY
Crown
Angulation
Crown
Inclination
FACC
FA Point
Class
Type
Six Keys
Key 1
Molar Interarach
relationship
Mesiobuccal cusp of the permanent

maxillary molar occludes in the buccal
groove of the perm mand molar
Distal marginal ridge of the upper 1 st molar
occludes with the mesial marginal ridge of
the lower 2nd molar
Mesiopalatal cusp of the upper 1st molar
occludes in the central fossa of the lower ist
molar
Buccal cusps of upper premolars in the
embrasures of the lower premolars
Palatal cusps of upper premolars in a cuspfossa relationship with lower pms
Upper canines in cusp embrasure with
lower canines
Upper anteriors overlap the lower anteriors
Six Keys
Key
2
Crown Angulations
Essentially all crowns have

positive angulation
Gingival potion of FACC distal
to occlusal portion
All crowns of tooth type have
similar angulations
Tip pattern is consistent for all
individuals
Important esp anteriorly
Six Keys
Key
3Crown Inclination
Maxillary incisors have positive

inclination
Mandibular incisors have slight
negative inclination
Interincisal angle<180*
Max incisor +ve inclination >
mand incisor ve incl
Upper Central> Lateral
Upper 345 ve
Upper 67 more ve
Mand= progresively -ve
Six Keys
Key
4Absence of rotations
Key 5Tight contacts
Key 6slight to flat curve of
spee
CROWN MEASUREMENTS
4th study involved the

measurement of crowns
in the sample for-
Bracket area of tooth type

Vertical crown contour
Crown angulation
Crown inclination
Maxillary molar offset
Horizontal crown contour
Facial prominence
Depth of Curve of Spee
CROWN MEASUREMENTS
Upper
Angulation
Inclination
Prominence
Molar Offset
Lower
Angulation
Inclination
Prominence
Curve of Spee
1
5
7
2.1
2
9
3
1.65
3
11
-7
2.5
1
2
-1
1.2
2
2
-1
1.2
3
5
-11
1.9
4,5
2
-7
2.4
6
5
-9
2.9
10*
4,5
6
2
2
-17,-22 -30
2.35
2.5
0-2.5
COMPARISON OF TREATED AND

NATURAL OCCLUSION
The
5th study compared 1150 treated

cases with the measurements and the six
keys.
KEY 1- Most
cases showed Angles Class I molar relationship.

However,
The distal marg ridge of upper 6 x mmr of lower 7
Pms and canines didnt show a cusp- embrasure
relationship

NATURAL OCCLUSION
KEY 2-
Values= +/- 2 was considered incorrect

91% of cases had 1 or more teeth with incorrect angulation
Upper laterals and canines showed ve ang
Upper 6 ranged from -ve in non ext to +ve in ext cases
KEY 3-
Values +/- 2 was considered incorrect

Interincisal angle on FACC > 180* in 78% cases
Upper 456 not always -ve

NATURAL OCCLUSION
KEY 4-
Rotational errors were measured using angle between

contact points and arch form.
Values= +/- 2 was considered incorrect
67% of cases had rotations esp. teeth that were translated
KEY 5-
47% showed spacing due to incorrect angulation
KEY 656% showed excessive curve of spee

PRINCIPLES
ALL TEETH OF SAME TYPE WERE SIMILAR IN SIZE

AND SHAPE
SIZE OF CROWN HAS NO EFFECT ON ANGULATION,
INCLINATION OR PROMINENCE
MOST PEOPLE HAVE NORMAL TEETH REGARDLESS
OF OCCLUSION
JAWS MUST BE CORRECTLY RELATED FOR
OPTIMAL OCCLUSION
DENTITIONS WITH NORMAL TEETH IN JAWS THAR
ARE/ CAN BE CORRECTLY RELATED CAN BE
BROUGHT TO OPTIMAL OCCLUSION
SHORTCOMINGS OF THE
STANDARD EDGEWISE
APPLIANCE
1.
BRACKET BASES
PERPENDICULAR
TO THE STEM
PROBLEMS IN SLOT
INCLINATION
PROBLEMS IN
OCCLUSO-GINGIVAL
POSITION
2.
SHORTCOMINGS OF THE
STANDARD EDGEWISE
BRACKETS
NOT
APPLIANCE
CONTOURED
OCCLUSOGINGIVALLY
PROBLEMS IN SLOT
INCLINATION
PROBLEMS IN
OCCLUSO-GINGIVAL
POSITION
SHORTCOMINGS OF THE
STANDARD EDGEWISE
APPLIANCE
3. BRACKETS NOT
CONTOURED
MESIO DISTALLY
PROBLEMS IN SLOT
SITING
SHORTCOMINGS OF THE
STANDARD EDGEWISE
APPLIANCE
4. SLOTS NOT
ANGULATED
EACH CROWN HAS

ANGULATION.
WHEN A FULL SIZE
WIRE IS INSERTED
RESULTANT
ANGULATION
INCORRECT.
IF BRACKET
ANGULATED ONLY 2
POINT CONTACT.
SHORTCOMINGS OF THE
STANDARD EDGEWISE
APPLIANCE
5.
6.
BRACKETS STEMS
OF EQUAL
PROMINENCE
MAXILLARY
MOLAR OFFSET
NOT BUILT IN
IST ORDER BENDS
REQUIRED.
7.
SHORTCOMINGS OF THE
STANDARD EDGEWISE
ANGULAGTION
APPLIANCE
LANDMARKS DIFFERED
LONG AXIS OF CROWN
NOT VISIBLE
LONG AXIS OF TOOTHNOT VISIBLE
INCISAL EDGETOO FAR AWAY,
MAY BE CHIPPED LATERAL
CURVED
CUSP TIPS?
MARGINAL RIDGES TOO
FAR AWAY
CONTACT POINTS NOT
VISIBLE
8.
SHORTCOMINGS OF THE
STANDARD EDGEWISE
INCLINATION
APPLIANCE
LANDMARKS
DIFFERED
LONG AXIS OF
CROWN NOT VISIBLE
BRACKET HEIGHT
FRON CUSP TIP
8.
SHORTCOMINGS OF THE
STANDARD EDGEWISE
APPLIANCE
EXCESSIVE
WIRE BENDING REQUIRED
TO INITIATE/ MAINTAIN TOOTH MOVEMENT
TO COMPENSATE FOR SLOT SITING
ERRORS
TO COMPENSATE FOR ERRORS IN WIRE
BENDING
TO COMPENSATE FOR SIDE EFFECTS
OFWIRE BENDING
SHORTCOMINGS OF THE
STANDARD EDGEWISE
PRIMARY
BENDS
APPLIANCE
1 ORDER -46 BENDS
ST
2ND ORDER3RD ORDERERRORS- 30 BENDS

SECONDARY BENDS
FOR ERRORS IN
SLOT SITING
WIRE BENDING
JUDGEMENT
TERTIARY BENDS
LOOPS, STOPS ETC
DESIGN FEATURES OF THE

NEW APPLIANCE
SLOT
SITING FEATURES
CONVENIENCE
AUXILLIARY
FEATURES
FEATURES
SLOT
SITINGPLANE
FEATURES
TRANSVERSE
MID
THE MID TRANSVERSE PLANE OF THE SLOT, STEM

AND CROWN MUST COINCIDE
BASE SHOULD HAVE SAME INCLINATION AS THE
FACIAL PLANE
BASE CONTOURED OCCLUSO GINGIVALLY TO
MATCH CROWN CURVATURE
THESE FEATURES ELIMINATEDX 2ND ORDER BENDS FOR OCC-GIN DISHARMONY
X 3RD ORDER BENDS FOR INCLINATION
X OTHER BENDS FOR SIDE EFFECTS
SLOT SITING FEATURES
MID SAGGITAL PLANE

THE MID SAGGITAL PLANE OF THE SLOT, STEM AND CROWN
MUST COINCIDE
THE PLANE OF BASE AT BASE POINT SHOULD BE IDENTICAL
TO FACIAL PLANE AT FA POINT
BASE CONTOURED MESIODISTALLY TO FIT EACH TOOTH
VERTCAL COMPONENTS PARALLELTO EACH OTHER
THESE FEATURES ELIMINATEDX 1ST ORDER BENDS FOR MOLAR OFFSETS AND M-D SLOT
SITING
X 2ND ORDER BENDS FOR OCC-GIN DISHARMONY AND
ANGULATION
X SECONDARY BENDS FOR SIDE EFFECTS
SLOT
SITINGPLANE
FEATURES
MID
FRONTAL
THE
MID FRONTAL PLANE OF EACH

SLOT MUST SUPERIMPOSE ON ITS
CROWNS PROMINENCE PLANE
ALL SLOTS SHOULD HAVE SAME
DISTANCE FROM EMBRASURE LINE
THESE FEATURES ELIMINATEDX 1ST ORDER BENDS
CONVENIENCE FEATURES
GINGIVAL TIE WINGS

LATERAL TO SEA
NO GINGIVAL IMPINGEMENT
EASY LIGATION
STEMS OF LOWER 456

GINGIVAL
NO OCCLUSAL INTERFERENCES
FACIAL SURFACES OF
UPPER 123 PARALLEL
TO BASES IN TURN
PARALLEL TO CROWN
FACE
LIP COMFORT
BUCCOLINGUAL
TIP IN UPPER 6S
AUXILLIARY
FEATURES
COUNTER
COUNTER
MESIODISTAL TIP
COUNTER ROTATION
TRANSLATION BRACKETS
MAX TRANSLATION BRACKETS
MEDIUM TRANSLATION BRACKETS
MIN TRANSLATION BRACKETS
POWER ARM
STAGES OF TREATMENT
ANCHORAGE
CONTROL
LEVELLING AND ALIGNING
OVERBITE/ OVERJET CONTTROL
SPACE CLOSURE
FINISHING
ANCHORAGE CONTROL
WITH
THE INCREASE IN THE TIP THERE IS A

GREATER TENDENCY OF THE ANTERIORS
TO PROCLINE
UPPER>LOWER
SOLUTIONS
OMEGA LOOP STOPS
MOLAR TIE BACKS
TPA, LINGUAL ARCH, HG
CLASSIII ELASTICS
ARCH WIRE BENT DISTALLY BEHIND MOLAR
LEVELLING AND ALIGNING

TWO
PROBLEMS
ASSOCIATED WITH
THE PEA
ROLLER COASTER
EFFECT
NEED FOR
OVERCOMPENSATI
ON
OVERBITE CONTROL
A.
B.
DEEP BITE DUE

TO CANINE TIP
WHEN CANINES
WERE UPRIGHT /
DISTALLY TIPPED
ROLLER COASTER
EFFECT
SPACE CLOSURE
MOST
SIGNIFICANT
SLIDING POSSIBLE BECAUSE OF THE
STRAIGHT WIRE
FINISHING
FINISHING REQUIRED MINIMAL WIRE BENDING TO

COMPENSATE FOR VARIATIONS IN TOOTH SHAPE,
SIZE, ERRANEOUS BRACKET POSITIONING OR
OVERCORRECTION
TIP CONTROL- ADJUSTMENT MAY BE NEEDED
TORQUE CONTROL-NEEDED IN UPPER AND LOWER
INCISORS.
LOWER MOLARS -VE TORQUE, UPPER MOLARS+VE ROOT TORQUE
ARCH WIDTH ADJUSTMENTS
ROTATIONAL CONTROL
CURVE OF SPEEwww.indiandentalacademy.com
CORRECTION
Dr Lawrence F. Andrews developed

the straight wire appliance in mid
1970 based on 6 keys
It was a radical step ,offering dual
advantage of less wire bending and
better quality of finish
Initial results of SWA were

disappointing
Old mechanics and heavy
force levels ,developed for
standard edgewise brackets
simply did not transfer to the
new system
ROLLER COASTER effect
was seen
Premolars and canines tended
to tip and rotate in the
extraction sites
FRICTION
Friction is the resistance to motion that exists when a solid

moves tangentially with the respect to the surface of
another solid.
FRICTIONAL FORCE FFR : Is parallel but opposite to the

direction of force (F) causing motion.
The frictional force produced is proportional to the force

with which the contacting surfaces are pressed together and
is affected by the nature of the surface at the interface.
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF FRICTION

MECHANICS :
To move a tooth bodily, the force applied has to

pass through the center of resistance of the tooth.
However as the force is applied at the bracket level
of the crown, the concerned tooth experiences both
force and moment.

MECHANICS :
Moment of force is created in 2 planes of space. One
moment tends to rotate the canine mesial out as the force
application is buccal to the center of resistance and the
other tends to cause distal tipping of the tooth as the point
of force application is occlusal to the center of resistance.

MECHANICS :
The wire bracket interaction tends to counteract this

moment by applying an opposite moment. When
distal tipping of the crown takes place the M/F ratio
will be around 7:1, the tooth slides along the
archwire till binding occurs between the archwire and
the bracket. This produces a COUPLE at the bracket.
FORCE DELIVERY SYSTEMS IN SLIDING

MECHANICS
1. Elastic module with ligature
2. E - chains
3. closed coil springs
4. J - hook head gear
5. Mulligans V - bend sliding mechanics (JCO 1980

July 1994 Sep)
6. Employing Tip-edge Bracket on canines
METHODS OF CANINE RETRACTION IN

SLIDING MECHANICS
There are two ways in which anterior teeth are

retracted.
1. By retracting the canine first followed by retraction of
other four anteriors enmasse.
2. Enmasse retraction of six anterior teeth.
Among the above mentioned force delivery system,

commonly used are the elastomeric materials and the
closed coil spring.
They are either attached directly to attachments on the teeth

(canine hooks) or more usually to hooks on the archwire
Methods of applying traction to the archwire include
Fabricated tie back loops (in shape of boot or inverted boot)
Soldered brass hooks (0.7mm)
Stainless steel hooks (0.6mm)
Crimpable hooks
Kobayashi hooks
Preposted archwires are also available
FORCE DELIVERY SYSTEM :

ELASTOMERICS:
Composition and structure
Elastomeric modules and E-chains are polyurethanes,
which are thermosetting polymers. The polymers
posses rubber like elasticity and have long chain
which are lightly cross-linked. The cross-links
between chains must be relatively few to facilitate
large extension with no rupture of primary bonds.
2. E CHAIN (ELASTOMERIC CHAINS)
It was introduced in 1960 and used in orthodontics

for canine retraction, diastema closure, rotation
correction and arch constriction.
Most of the elastomeric chains generally lose 50% 70% of their initial force during the 1st day of load
application and at 3 weeks retain only 30 40% of
their original force.
2. E CHAIN (ELASTOMERIC CHAINS)
In view of the wide variation of initial force levels of

different types of power chains, a force gauge should
be used to determine the desired initial force.
To overcome the problem of rapid force decay

rate and provide for a more constant and consistent
force delivery, prestreching of elastomeric chains has
been suggested.
CONFIGURATIONS
Elastomeric chains are available in 3
configurations
Closed loop chain
Short filament chain
Long filament chain :
- generally deliver a lower initial force

and exhibit a greater rate of force
decay at the same extension.
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS WHEN USING

ELASTICS FOR RETRACTION OF CANINES
A common mistake is to change the elastic chain or

module too often, thus maintaining high force levels and
a moment to force ratio that produces distal crown
tipping only. This also causes excessive mesial out
rotation of the canines. Constantly high force levels can
cause excessive hyalinization of the periodontal
ligaments and inhibit direct resorption around the canine.
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS WHEN USING

ELASTICS FOR RETRACTION OF CANINES
If the posterior segment undergoes direct bone

resorption at the same time, loss of anchorage may
result. It is therefore recommended that elastic
modules or chain should be changed at an intervals
of 4-6 weeks to optimize sliding retraction of the
canine.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Inexpensive,
Relatively hygienic,
Can be easily applied

without arch wire
removal
absorb water and saliva and

permanent staining takes place.
Stretching causes permanent

deformation.
The loss of force (FORCE

DECAY) with time leads to
variable forces levels during the
No patient co-operation
required.
treatment, this results in

decreased effectiveness.
3. CLOSED COIL SPRINGS
Coil springs were introduced to the orthodontic world as early

as 1931. During the manufacturing process, the material is
subjected to winding that includes tensional and torsional
components and hence spring properties may be slightly
different from the wires made from the same material. The
various materials that have been used for making springs are
Stainless steel
NiTi
Co-Cr Ni alloy
b. NiTi closed coil springs
Nickel titanium alloys were introduced to the

dental profession by William. P. Bleur in the
1960's. He demonstrated the unique
combination of properties of shape memory and
super elasticity in addition to low modulus of
elasticity, moderately high strength, high
resilience and less corrosion.
b. NiTi closed coil springs
The force degradation is very less due to the low load

deflection rate. They deliver constant amount of force
till they reach the terminal end of deactivation stage
and generally close space with single activation. They
are available in lengths of 9 mm and 11 mm.
ADVANTAGES OF NITI COIL

SPRINGS
Can be easily placed and removed without

archwire removal
Do not need to be reactivated at each appointment
Patient co-operation not required.
DISADVANTAGES
Relatively unhygienic compared to elastic force
systems.
EFFECTS OF OVERLY SPACE

CLOSURE:
Space closure typically occurs more easily in

high angle patterns with weak musculature. The
rate of closure can be increased either by
increasing the force or using thinner arch wire.
However more rapid space closure leads to
loss of control of torque,
rotation or
tip
Loss of control of torque
results in upper incisors being too upright at the end of

space closure with the spaces distal to the canines and a
consequent unesthetic appearance. The lost torque is
difficult to regain. Also, rapid mesial movement of the
upper molars can allow the palatal cusps to hang down,
resulting in functional interferences, and rapid
movement of the lower molars causes rolling in .
Loss of control of torque
Reduced rotation control
can be seen mainly in

the teeth adjacent to
extraction sites, which
also tend to roll in if
spaces are closed too
rapidly.
Reduced tip control
produces unwanted movement of canines, premolars, and

molars, along with a tendency for lateral open bite. In highangle cases, where lower molars tip most freely, the elevated
distal cusps create the possibility of a molar fulcrum effect. In
some instances, excessive soft-tissue hyperplasia occurs at the
extraction sites. This can prevent full space closure or allow
spaces to reopen after treatment. Local gingival surgery may be
necessary in such cases.
INHIBITORS TO SLIDING MECHANICS
1. Occlusal interference - To prevent this proper aligning

and leveling of the arches is required.
2. Friction and binding between bracket and archwire

may place heavy demand on anchorage.
3. Poor canine control can be a problem : Doing canine

retraction on heavier arch wire reduces the problem.
INHIBITORS TO SLIDING MECHANICS
4. Cortical plate resistance (Narrowing of alveolar bone in extraction

sites)
5. Excessive forces causes lower molar tipping and extrusion of

distal cusps
6. Soft tissue build up in the extraction site can prevent space closure
(or) reopen spaces after treatment.
7. Rotation of canines mesio-bucally and molar mesiopalatally.This

occurs due to the use buccal traction. It can be prevented
simultaneous palatal traction using lingual cleats or buttons.

Moving The Teeth

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ORTHODONTICS BY MBT TECHNIQUE

The straight wire concept

The Straight Wire Concept

BUILDING TREATMENT INTO

METHOD OF SETTING UP POSTERIOR ANCHORAGE

TO OBTAIN CORRECT AXIAL INLINATIONS.

BUILDING TREATMENT INTO

BUILDING TREATMENT INTO

CONCEPT OF THE PEA

THE CONCEPT OF THE PEA APPLIANCE EVOLVED

EXAMINATION OF POST TREATMENT

first experiment was conducted in

EXAMINATION OF POST TREATMENT

All models showed some common trendsMolars were in Class I relationship

But there were several inconsistencies like Articulation?

With the presumption that

THE SIX KEYS TO OPTIMAL

The third and most important experiment in the

Mesiobuccal cusp of the permanent

Essentially all crowns have

Maxillary incisors have positive

4th study involved the

Bracket area of tooth type

COMPARISON OF TREATED AND

5th study compared 1150 treated

cases showed Angles Class I molar relationship.

COMPARISON OF TREATED AND

Values= +/- 2 was considered incorrect

Values +/- 2 was considered incorrect

COMPARISON OF TREATED AND

Rotational errors were measured using angle between

47% showed spacing due to incorrect angulation

KEY 656% showed excessive curve of spee

ALL TEETH OF SAME TYPE WERE SIMILAR IN SIZE

EACH CROWN HAS

2ND ORDER3RD ORDERERRORS- 30 BENDS

DESIGN FEATURES OF THE

THE MID TRANSVERSE PLANE OF THE SLOT, STEM

SLOT SITING FEATURES

MID SAGGITAL PLANE

MID FRONTAL PLANE OF EACH

GINGIVAL TIE WINGS

STEMS OF LOWER 456

THE INCREASE IN THE TIP THERE IS A

LEVELLING AND ALIGNING

DEEP BITE DUE

FINISHING REQUIRED MINIMAL WIRE BENDING TO

Dr Lawrence F. Andrews developed

Initial results of SWA were

Friction is the resistance to motion that exists when a solid

FRICTIONAL FORCE FFR : Is parallel but opposite to the

The frictional force produced is proportional to the force

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF FRICTION

To move a tooth bodily, the force applied has to

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF FRICTION

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF FRICTION

The wire bracket interaction tends to counteract this

FORCE DELIVERY SYSTEMS IN SLIDING

1. Elastic module with ligature

3. closed coil springs

4. J - hook head gear

5. Mulligans V - bend sliding mechanics (JCO 1980

6. Employing Tip-edge Bracket on canines