The Human Body in Health

and Illness, 4th edition

Barbara Herlihy
Chapter 1:
Introduction to the
Human Body
1

Lesson 1-1 Objectives

Define the terms anatomy and
physiology.
List the levels of organization of the
human body.
Describe the 12 major organ
systems.
Define homeostasis.
Copyright 2011, 2007 by Saunders,
an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy: The branch of
science that studies the
structure of the body
Physiology: The branch
of science that describes
how the body functions
Structure and function
are closely related.
Copyright 2011, 2007 by Saunders,
an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.

The Bodys Levels of

Organization
Organization from
simple to complex
Atoms
Molecules
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Human organism
Copyright 2011, 2007 by Saunders,
an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.

Major Organ Systems

Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Circulatory

Lymphatic
Immune
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive

Copyright 2011, 2007 by Saunders,

an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.

Major Organ Systems

Copyright 2011, 2007 by Saunders,

an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.

(contd.)

Major Organ Systems

Copyright 2011, 2007 by Saunders,

an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.

(contd.)

Major Organ Systems

Copyright 2011, 2007 by Saunders,

an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.

(contd.)

Major Organ Systems

Copyright 2011, 2007 by Saunders,

an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.

(contd.)

Homeostasis: Staying the

Same
Homeostasis: The bodys ability to
maintain a stable internal environment
in response to a changing environment
Homeostatic mechanisms help
maintain homeostasis.
Homeostatic imbalance is associated
with various disorders.

Copyright 2011, 2007 by Saunders,

an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.

10

Lesson 1-2 Objectives

Describe the anatomical position.
List common terms used for relative positions
of the body.
Describe the three major planes of the body.
List anatomical terms for regions of the body.
Describe the major cavities of the body.

Copyright 2011, 2007 by Saunders,

an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.

11

Anatomical Position

Standing erect
Face forward
Arms at sides
Toes and palms
directed forward

Copyright 2011, 2007 by Saunders,

an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.

12

Relative Positions
Pairs of directional terms
Superior and inferior
Anterior and posterior
Medial and lateral
Proximal and distal
Superficial and deep
Central and peripheral

Copyright 2011, 2007 by Saunders,

an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.

13

Planes and Sections of the

Body
Sagittal plane divides
the body lengthwise into
right and left portions.
Frontal plane divides
the body into anterior
and posterior portions.
Transverse plane
divides the body
horizontally into upper
and lower portions.
Copyright 2011, 2007 by Saunders,
an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.

14

Regional Terms

Copyright 2011, 2007 by Saunders,

an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.

15

Cavities of the Body

Dorsal cavity
Cranial cavity
Spinal (vertebral)
cavity

Ventral cavity
Thoracic cavity
Pleural cavities
Mediastinum

Abdominopelvic cavity
Copyright 2011, 2007 by Saunders,
an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.

16

Cavities of the Body

(contd.)

Divisions of
the
abdominopel
vic cavity
Four
quadrants
Nine regions

Copyright 2011, 2007 by Saunders,

an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.

17