CCNA Guide to Cisco

Networking Fundamentals

Chapter 7
Routing Protocols

Objectives
Differentiate between nonroutable, routed, and
routing protocols
Define Interior Gateway Protocols, Exterior Gateway
Protocols, distance-vector routing protocols, and
link-state routing protocols
Explain the concepts of count-to-infinity, split horizon,
split horizon with poison reverse, and hold-down
timers

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Objectives (continued)
Describe, configure, and monitor the interior routing
protocol RIP
Explain static routing and administrative distance
Configure static routing and default routes

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Nonroutable Protocols
In the early days of networking, networks were small
collections of computers linked together
For the purposes of sharing information and expensive
peripherals

Early networks were sometimes configured as peerto-peer networks

Computers communicate with and provide services to
their peers
All communication occurs on the same network
segment
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Nonroutable Protocols (continued)

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Nonroutable Protocols (continued)

Several nonroutable protocols exist in todays
networking world
NetBEUI (NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface)
The most common nonroutable protocol
Ships with all Microsoft Windows operating systems

NetBEUI cannot scale into large internetworks

Cannot hold Network layer information in its network
header

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Routed Protocols
Routed protocols
Have packet headers that can contain Network layer
addresses
Developed to support networks consisting of multiple
networks or subnetworks

Protocols that can carry Network layer information

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP)
Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet
Exchange (IPX/SPX)
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Routed Protocols (continued)

For routed protocols to work on a network
Every device must be configured with a unique IP or
IPX address (logical address)

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Routing Protocols
Routing protocols
Protocols used by routers to make path determination
choices and to share those choices with other routers

Hop count
The number of routers a packet must pass through to
reach a particular network

Metric
A value used to define the suitability of a particular route
Routers use metrics to determine which routes are
better than other routes
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Routing Protocols (continued)

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Routing Protocols (continued)

Autonomous system (AS)
Uses Interior Gateway Protocols as routing protocols
A group of routers under the control of a single
administration

Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs) are

Routing protocols used within an AS

Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGPs)

Routing protocols used to route information between
multiple autonomous systems
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Routing Protocols (continued)

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Routing Protocols (continued)

Examples of IGPs
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
(EIGRP)
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

Example of EGP
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

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Two Types of IGPs

Distance-vector routing protocols
Broadcast their entire routing table to each neighbor
router at predetermined intervals
The actual interval depends on the distance-vector
routing protocol in use
Varies between 30 and 90 seconds

Sometimes referred to as routing by rumor

Suffer from slow time to convergence
A state where all routers on the internetwork share a
common view of the internetwork routes
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Two Types of IGPs (continued)

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Two Types of IGPs (continued)

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Two Types of IGPs (continued)

Distance-vector routing protocols (continued)
Routing loops
Often referred to as count-to-infinity problems
Loops, without preventive measures, will cause packets
to bounce around the internetwork infinitely

Defining a maximum
One of the easiest ways to limit count-to-infinity problems

Split horizon and split horizon with poison reverse

Two other common ways to prevent routing loops when
using distance-vector routing protocols

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Two Types of IGPs (continued)

Distance-vector routing protocols (continued)
Hold-down timer
Another common technique used to stop routing loops
Allow a router to place a route in a state where it will
not accept any changes to that route

Link-state routing protocols

Use link-state advertisements (LSAs) to inform
neighbor routers on the internetwork
LSAs contain only the local links for the advertised
router
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Two Types of IGPs (continued)

Link-state routing protocols (continued)
Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm
Uses the link information to compute the routes
Router CPU resources are used instead of bandwidth

Link-state packets (LSPs)

Packets used to send out LSAs
Allow every router in the internetwork to share a
common view of the topology of the internetwork

A link-state routing protocol floods, or multicasts,

LSPs to the network
Later updates will be triggered updates
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Two Types of IGPs (continued)

Link-state routing protocols (continued)
Routers using link-state protocols must be configured
with more memory and processing power
Than those using distance-vector routing protocols

Link-state routing protocols such as OSPF are much

more complicated to configure on the routers

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Two Types of IGPs (continued)

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Routing Information Protocol

Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
The easiest Interior Gateway Protocol to configure is
RIPv1
A distance-vector routing protocol that broadcasts entire
routing tables to neighbors every 30 seconds
RIP uses hop count as its sole metric

RIP has a maximum hop count of 15

As a result, RIP does not work in large internetworks

RIP is capable of load balancing

RIP is susceptible to all the problems normally
associated with distance-vector routing protocols
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Enabling RIP Routing

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Enabling RIP Routing (continued)

To start configuring RIP, you must:
Enter privileged mode first
Enter global configuration mode on your router

Enable RIP with the router rip command

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Enabling RIP Routing (continued)

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Enabling RIP Routing (continued)

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Configuring RIP Routing for Each

Major Network
network command
Turns on RIP routing for a network
An individual network command must be issued for
each separate network directly connected to the router

show ip route command

Displays a routers routing table

Administrative distance
A value used to determine the reliability of the
information regarding a particular route
Administrative distances range from 0255
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Configuring RIP Routing for Each

Major Network (continued)

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Configuring RIP Routing for Each

Major Network (continued)

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Show ip protocol and debug ip

rip Commands
Commands used to monitor RIP
A route is considered invalid if six consecutive update
intervals pass without an update from that route
Flush interval
The time at which a route will be totally removed from
the routing table if no updates are received

debug ip rip command

Displays real-time rip updates being sent and received
and places very high processing demands on your
router, which could affect network performance
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Show ip protocol and debug ip

rip Commands (continued)

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Show ip protocol and debug ip

rip Commands (continued)

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Show ip protocol and debug ip

rip Commands (continued)

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Show ip protocol and debug ip

rip Commands (continued)

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Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

IGRP is a proprietary distance-vector routing protocol
Created by Cisco to solve some of the problems
associated with RIP

A larger hop-count metric allows IGRP to be used on

larger networks
IGRP supports a hop count of 255, although 100 is the
default if hop count is configured to be used as a
metric

The metric maximum-hops command allows you

to set the maximum hop count for IGRP
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Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

(continued)
The default metrics for IGRP are bandwidth and
delay only
Metrics that can be configured for IGRP
Hops: number of routers between source and
destination networks
Load: the load on a link in the path
Bandwidth: the speed of the link (default)
Reliability: measures reliability with a scale of 0 to 255
Delay: the delay on the medium (default)
MTU: the size of the datagram
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Static Routing
Some networks are so small that using a routing protocol
creates:

Unnecessary traffic
An inefficient use of router processor resources
Stub routers
Routers with only one route out
Stub routers are usually the last router in a chain

Stub networks
Networks with one route to the Internet

Static routes are configured by a network administrator

using the ip route command
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Adding Static Routes

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Adding Static Routes (continued)

Syntax for the ip route command:
ip route [destination network address]
[destination network mask] [ip address
next hop interface] [administrative
distance]

Examples:
ip route 172.32.3.0 255.255.255.0
172.32.2.2
ip route 172.32.4.0 255.255.255.0
172.32.2.2
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Adding Static Routes (continued)

Changing administrative distance
The ip route command allows you to configure an
administrative distance
Unless you add an administrative distance value to the
end of your ip route command
The administrative distance will be 1

Configuring a default route

All packets that are not defined specifically in your
routing table will go to the specified interface for the
default route
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Adding Static Routes (continued)

Configuring a default route (continued)
A default route is a type of static route that the
administrator configures
You can use the ip default-network command or
the ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 command to
configure a default route
Default routes are sometimes called quad zero
routes
A default route is used only if no other route to a
network exists in the routing table
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Adding Static Routes (continued)

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Summary
Some protocols are designed to be used in small
networks without the need for Network layer
addressing
The most common nonroutable protocol is
NetBEUI
Other protocols were designed with the ability to
move between multiple networks via Network layer
addressing
The most common routed protocol suite is TCP/IP

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Summary (continued)
Protocols must be available that can find the best
path throughout an internetwork and relay that
information to routers
Routing protocols are classed in two major groups:
Interior Gateway Protocols and Exterior Gateway
Protocols
Interior routing protocols are further divided into
distance-vector and link-state routing protocols
These two types of Interior Gateway Protocols use
very different methods to determine the best path in
an internetwork
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Summary (continued)
Distance-vector protocols periodically broadcast
entire routing tables to neighbor routers
Link-state protocols multicast link updates to routers
in their area upon startup and when network topology
changes
Two common distance-vector IGPs discussed in this
chapter are the Routing Information Protocol and the
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
Static routes are used to conserve bandwidth and
lower memory and CPU load on a router while still
allowing for correct routing table creation
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