NAV 7

VOR and ADF

VOR

VOR Head
TO/FROM indicator or
sense indicator
Course Deviation
Indicator or left/right
needle or Track Bar
Indicator
Omni Bearing selector
or Course selector

C172 INSTRUMENT PANEL

VHF Receiver

INSTRUMENT PANEL

VOT

COVERAGE
- IF AT MRA, 50 NM
- RECEPTION DISTANCE IS 1.23 x ALTITUDE

PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
Operation of the VOR is based on a phase difference between two
signals a reference phase and a variable phase. The reference phase,
which is omni directional, radiates from the station in a circular pattern,
the phase being constant throughout 360 degrees. The variable phase
rotates uniformly at 1800 rpm causing its phase to vary at a constant
rate.

Magnetic North is the reference datum for measuring the phase

difference between the two signals. At Magnetic North, the two
signals are exactly in phase. At other points around the compass,
the phase difference varies accordingly. The aircraft equipment
resolves the phase difference and displays it primarily in the form
of angular displacement from Magnetic North as measured from
the VOR station.

TRACK BAR
DEFLECTIONS

VOR
EQUIPMENT
CHECKS

TRACKING AWAY FROM A STATION

TRACKING TO A STATION

VOR RELIABILITY

At the VOR facility, a monitoring system

and two transmitters insure continuous
reliable service. If the VOR signal is
interrupted or the phasing is changed, the
monitor system turns off defective
equipment, turns on the stand-by
transmitter, and excites an alarm at the
remote control station. When a VOR is on

FREQUENCY RANGES

ADF Automatic Direction Finder

ADF Automatic Direction Finder

Receiver tune and identify
LF/MF 2 or 3 letter Morse code
ILS locator 1 letter Morse code
Signal also powers bearing indicator

Antennae
Loop senses direction of station
Sense provides info if bearing to or from station

Bearing indicator
Points to station relative to nose or axis
Fixed card 0o is nose and 180o is tail

ADF
FUNCTIONS
AIRWAYS
AIR ROUTES
ILS LOCATORS MARKER BEACONS
MARINE BEACONS
NDB APPROACHES
COMMERCIAL BROADCAST

ADF

ADF
LIMITATIONS
TWILIGHT EFFECT

JUST BEFORE/AFTER SUNSET/SUNRISE - fly high

GREATER AT GREAT DISTANCE use less than 350 khz

TERRAIN or MOUNTAIN EFFECT

SHORELINE signals crossing at less than 30o
ELECTRICAL STORMS
BANK ERROR ALL TURNS

LOOP ANTENNAE ROTATES TO SENSE DIRECTION OF

INCOMING SIGNAL AND IS MOUNTED PARALLEL TO
NORMAL AXIS

ADF
ADVANTAGES
LOW COST INSTALLATION AND
MAINTENANCE
NOT LINE OF LINE OF SIGHT SO
GIVES GREATER RECEPTION AT
LOWER ALTITUDES THAN VOR
PRIMARY NAVIGATION OVER LONG
DISTANCE IN REMOTE AREAS

TRACKING TO THE STATION

1. PARALLEL TRACK
2. DESIRED TO HEAD
DETERMINES THE TURN

3. LEFT TURN
DESIRED TRACK INTERCEPT ANGLE = INTERCEPT HEADING

4. RIGHT TURN
DESIRED TRACK + INTERCEPT ANGLE = INTERCEPT HEADING

TRACKING FROM THE STATION

1. PARALLEL TRACK
2. TAIL TO DESIRED
DETERMINES THE TURN

3. LEFT TURN
DESIRED TRACK INTERCEPT ANGLE = INTERCEPT HEADING

4. RIGHT TURN
DESIRED TRACK + INTERCEPT ANGLE = INTERCEPT HEADING

SOME RULES
1.

WHEN INTERCEPTING A TRACK TO OR FROM A

STATION, BEARING INDICATOR ALWAYS AWAY
FROM 0 OR TOWARDS 180

2.

WHEN TURNING, IF HEADING INDICATOR INCREASES,

THEN ADF BEARINGINDICATOR (VALUE) DECREASES
HI LESS, ADF MORE

3.

WHEN TRACKING, NEEDLE RIGHT? YES, THEN WIND IS

FROM THE RIGHT SO TURN RIGHT, ETC.

4.

MAGNETIC HEADING + RELATIVE BEARING = MAGNETIC

BEARING TO THE STATION
MH + RB = MB TO THE STATION
MH = MB RB
RB = MB - MH