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Terminologi Saraf
Neuroglia
Tisu Neural
Neuron
Neurofisiologi
Otak
Sistem Saraf
Pusat
Saraf Tunjang
Saraf Kranial
Sistem Saraf
Pinggir
Saraf Spinal
Saraf Refleksi
Nervous System
Functions:
Sensory Input monitoring stimuli occurring inside
and outside the body
Integration interpretation of sensory input
Motor Output response to stimuli by activating
effector organs
Astrocytes
Satellite Cells
Microglia
Schwann Cells
Ependymal Cells
Oligodendrocytes
Outnumber neurons in the CNS by 10 to 1, about
the brains mass.
Astrocytes
CNS
scar tissue
mop up excess ions, etc
induce synapse formation
connect neurons to blood
vessels
Ependyma
CNS
ciliated
line central canal of spinal cord
line ventricles of brain
Astrocytes
Most abundant, versatile, highly branched glial cells
Cling to neurons, synaptic endings, and cover nearby
capillaries
Support and brace neurons
Anchor neurons to nutrient
supplies
Guide migration of young neurons
Aid in synapse formation
Control the chemical environment (recapture K+ ions
and neurotransmitters)
Microglia
Microglia small, ovoid cells with long spiny
processes that contact nearby neurons
When microorganisms or dead neurons are
present, they can transform into phagocytic cells
Ependymal Cells
Ependymal cells range in shape from squamous to
columnar, many are ciliated
Line the central cavities of the brain and spinal
column
Oligodendrocytes
Oligodendrocytes branched cells that line the thicker
CNS nerve fibers and wrap around them, producing an
insulating covering the Myelin sheath
Schwann Cell
Neuron
Fascicle
Axon
Myelin Sheath
Node of Ranvier
Perineurium
Epineurium
Neuron
Generalized Neuron
Neuron Structure
Classification of Neurons
Sensory Neurons
afferent
carry impulse to
CNS
most are unipolar
some are bipolar
Interneurons
link neurons
multipolar
in CNS
Motor Neurons
multipolar
carry impulses away
from CNS
carry impulses to
effectors
Neuron Classification
Functional
Sensory (afferent) transmit impulses toward the CNS
Motor (efferent) carry impulses away from the CNS
Interneurons (association neurons) lie between
sensory and motor pathways and shuttle signals
through CNS pathways
Classification of Neurons
Bipolar
two processes
eyes, ears, nose
Unipolar
one process
ganglia
Multipolar
many processes
most neurons of
CNS
Classification of Neurons
Structural
Multipolar three or more processes
Bipolar two processes (axon and dendrite)
Unipolar single, short process
Unipolar Neuron
Dendrite
(trigger
zone)
Cell
Body
Axon
Bipolar Neuron
Dendrite
(trigger
zone)
Cell
Body
Axon
Multipolar Neuron
Cell
Body
Axon
Dendrites
(trigger
zone)
Processes
Extensions from the nerve cell body. The CNS
contains both neuron cell bodies and their processes.
The PNS consists mainly of neuron processes.
Two types: Axons and Dendrites
Bundles of neuron processes are called
Tracts in the CNS and Nerves in the PNS
Dendrites
Short, tapering, diffusely branched processes
The main receptive, or input regions of the neuron
(provide a large surface area for receiving signals
from other neurons)
Dendrites convey incoming
messages toward the cell body
These electrical signals are not
nerve impulses (not action
potentials), but are short distance
signals called graded potentials
Axons
Slender processes with a uniform diameter arising
from the axon hillock, only one axon per neuron
A long axon is called a nerve fiber, any branches are
called axon collaterals
Terminal branches distal ends are called the axon
terminus (also synaptic knob or bouton)
Axons: Function
Myelin
Multilayered lipid and protein covering
formed by Schwann cells around axons
Oligodendrocytes in the CNS
The covering is the plasma membrane
of the Schwann Cell
The Schwann Cell can cover more than
one axon
Insulates axon
Myelin Sheath
Whitish, fatty (protein-lipoid), segmented sheath
around most long axons dendrites are unmyelinated
Protects the axon
Electrically insulates fibers from one another
Increases the speed of nerve impulse transmission
Myelin Sheath
Formed by Schwann cells in the PNS
A Schwann cell envelopes
and encloses the axon with
its plasma membrane.
The concentric layers of
membrane wrapped
around the axon are the
myelin sheath
Neurilemma cytoplasm
and exposed membrane of
a Schwann cell
Myelination of Axons
White Matter
contains myelinated
axons
Gray Matter
contains
unmyelinated
structures
cell bodies, dendrites
Nodes of Ranvier
Areas between Schwann Cells that do not
contain Myelin
Involved in saltatory conduction
6. Menghantarkan
informasi
secara cepat melalui
efferent
pathway (motorik) ke
organorgan tubuh sebagai
kontrol
Motor Function
decisions are acted
upon
impulses are
carried to effectors
2. Piameter
Lapisan ini penuh dengan
pembuluh
darah dan sangat dekat
dengan
permukaan otak.
Berfungsi untuk memberi
oksigen
dan nutrisi serta mengangkut
3. Araknoid
disebut demikian kerana
bentuknya
seperti sarang labah-labah.
Di dalamnya terdapat cairan
serebrospinalis; semacam
cairan limfa
yang mengisi sela sela
kepandaian (intelegensi)
ingatan (memori)
kesedaran
pertimbangan
7. Hipotalamus
fungsi :
Mengawal
A. suhu badan
B. Keseimbangan air dalam
badan.
C. Tekanan darah
D. emosi
E. Penguraian kabohidrat,
lemak.
Cranial Nerves
Optic (II)
sensory
fibers transmit
impulses
associated with
vision
raise eyelids
move the
eyes
focus lens
adjust light
entering eye
Trochlear (IV)
primarily motor
motor impulses to
muscles that move
the eyes
Cranial Nerve V
Trigeminal (V)
mixed
opthalmic division
maxillary division
mandibular division
Glossopharyngeal
(IX)
mixed
sensory from
pharynx, tonsils,
tongue, and
carotid arteries
motor to
salivary glands
and muscles of
pharynx
Cranial Nerve X
Vagus (X)
mixed
somatic motor
to muscles of
speech and
swallowing
autonomic
motor to viscera
of thorax and
abdomen
sensory from
pharynx, larynx,
esophagus, and
viscera of thorax
and abdomen
Hypoglossal (XII)
primarily motor
motor to
muscles of the
tongue
Saraf Trigeminal
Saraf kranial terbesar.
Saraf deria yang
membekalkan
sebahagian besar kulit kepala
dan
muka ; juga membran mulut,
hidung,
sinus paranasal serta gigi dan
dengan
Saraf Fasial
Saraf ini motor utama untuk
otot
otot ekspresi pada muka dan
kulit
kepala.
Saraf deria yang
menghantarkan
deria rasa lidah.
Saraf Vagus
Fiber saraf autonomik
terbesar.
Daerah pengagihannya luas,
serta
fibernya disebarkan kepada
sejumlah
besar kelenjar dan organ.
Spinal Nerves
mixed nerves
31 pairs
8 cervical (C1 to C8)
12 thoracic (T1 to T12)
5 lumbar (L1 to L5)
5 sacral (S1 to S5)
1 coccygeal (Co)
Spinal Nerves
Dorsal root
axons of
sensory neurons
in the dorsal
root ganglion
Dorsal root ganglion
cell bodies of
sensory neurons
Ventral root
axons of
motor
neurons
whose cell
bodies are in
spinal cord
Spinal nerve
union of ventral
root and dorsal root
Dermatome
an area of skin that the sensory nerve fibers of a particular spinal
nerve innervate
Cervical Plexus
Nerve plexus complex networks formed by
anterior branches of spinal nerves; fibers of
various spinal nerves are sorted and
recombined
Cervical Plexus
C1-C4
lies deep in the neck
supply muscles and skin of the neck
contribute to phrenic nerve