FERROUS AIRCRAFT

METAL

FERROUS AIRCRAFT METALS

Ferrous Aircraft Metal are group of
metals having iron as thier principal
contents or base metal

STEEL PROCESS
Ferrous metals are those metals that
contain Iron.
The steel production process might be
divided into three phases:
Reduction of iron to pig iron
Refining pig iron to steel
Forming the steel into product

Heating stove and blast

furnance

IRON
Iron is extracted from iron ores such as
Hematite (Fe2O3) and Magnetite (Fe3O4)
The iron ores contain 25% to 70% metallic
iron. Sulfur, phosphorous, silica and clay
are the principal impurities.
Materials used to produce pig iron are
coke, limestone and iron ore.
Iron ore, coke and limestone are heated
together at high temperatures in blast
furnaces for the extraction process of iron.

Pure iron is a soft metal having a

structure of iron crystals. In metallurgy,
pure iron is called Ferrite
Coke provides the heat & supplies
carbon (C) to extract iron
C + O2 CO2
CO2 + C 2CO
3CO + Fe2O3 2Fe + 3CO2
Limestone is used to reduce the
impurities.
Ordinary pig iron as produced by
blast furnaces contains iron, about 92
percent; carbon, 3 or 4 percent; silicon,
0.5 to 3 percent; manganese, 0.25 to
2.5 percent; phosphorus, 0.04 to 2
percent; and a trace of sulfur.

CAST IRON
When pig iron is further processed by
remelting to eliminate some of the
carbon, cast iron (having a carbon
content of about 1.5 to 4%) is
produced.
The remelting process is usually
performed in a cupola (a smaller
version of blast furnace).
During the remelting operation in the
cupola, no particular chemical change
in the iron is ecpected. Some of the
impurities may be eliminated and a
more uniform product is obtained.

STEEL
Steel is also produced from pig iron
by removing the impurities and by
decreasing the carbon content.
Pig iron is again heated and the
excess carbon is removed as CO2 gas
and the oxides of other impurities form
a slag on top of the molten steel.

STEEL AND STEEL ALLOY

DESIGNATION
A numerical index, sponsored by Society of
Automotive Engineers (SAE) and The
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) is
used to identify the chemical composition of
the structural steel.
In this system a four numerical series is used
to designate Steel and Steel Alloy

STEEL AND STEEL ALLOY

(SAE) XXXX
First digit indicates Type of Steel.
Second digit indicates Major Alloying Element.
Last two digit indicates hundread of one percent carbont
content in the steel.

Example

SERIES CODE
1XXX
13XX
2XXX
23XX
25XX
3XXX
4XXX
40XX
41XX
43XX
46XX or 48XX
5XXX
51XX
52XX
53XX
6XXX
86XX or 87XX
92XX

STEEL TYPE
Plain carbon (non alloy) steel
Manganese steel
Nickel alloy steels
3.5% Nickel
5.0% Nickel
Nickel/Chrome steels
Molybdenum steels
Carbon/Moly
Chrome/Moly
Chrome/Moly/Nickel
Moly/Nickel
Chromium alloy steels
Low Chromium content
Medium Chromium content
High Chromium content
Chromium/Vanadium alloy steels
Nickel/Chromium/Moly alloy steels
Manganese/Silicon alloy steels

example

1020 = plain carbon steel

3135 = nickel chromium steel
4130 = chromium molybdenum steel
10105 =carbon steel,1,05% carbon
51420 =chromium steel, 14% chromium

TYPE , CHARACTERISTIC AND USES

STEEL ALLOY
Carbon Steel
Devided into three group based on percentage
carbon content.
Low Carbon Steel
Medium Carbon Steel
High Carbon Steel

TYPE , CHARACTERISTIC AND USES

STEEL ALLOY
Low Carbon Steel
Steel containing carbon in perecentage range 0.10 to
0.30 percent. The equivalent SAE number 1010 to
1030. Used for making safety wire, nuts, cable
bushing, or threaded rod ends.
Medium Carbon Steel
Steel containing carbon in perecentage range 0.30 to
0.50 percent. SAE number 1035. Used for making rod
ends and light forging .

TYPE , CHARACTERISTIC AND USES

STEEL ALLOY
High Carbon Steel
Steel containing carbon in perecentage range
0.50 to 1.05 percent. SAE number 1095. Used
for making flat spring and coil spring.

TYPE , CHARACTERISTIC AND USES

STEEL ALLOY
Nickel Steel
Steel containing Nickel in perecentage range
3 to 3.75 percent. SAE number 2330. Used for
making bolts, terminal, keys, clevises, and
pins.
Nickel incrases the hardness, tensile
strength, and elastic limits.

TYPE , CHARACTERISTIC AND USES

STEEL ALLOY
Chromium Steel
Used for making balls and rollers of
antifriction bearing.
Nickel incrases the hardness, strength, and
corrosion resistant roperties.

TYPE , CHARACTERISTIC AND USES

STEEL ALLOY
Chromium Nickel Steel
Known as stainless steel, corrision resistant
steel and 18 8. Its contents 18 percents
chromium and 8 percents nickel
Used for making exhaust collector, stack and
manifolds, structural and machined part,
spring, casting, tie rod and control cable.

TYPE , CHARACTERISTIC AND USES

STEEL ALLOY
Chromium Vanadium Steel
Its contents 18 percents vanadium and 1
percents chromium. SAE 6150 used for
making spring and SAE 6195 used for ball
and roller bearing.

TYPE , CHARACTERISTIC AND USES

STEEL ALLOY
Chromium Molybdenum Steel
Used for making fuselage tubing, engine
mounts, landing gears, ant other structural
parts. SAE number 4130.
Containing 0.25 to 0.55 percent carbon, 0.15
to 0.25 percent molydenum and 0.50 to 1.10
percent chromium.

TYPE , CHARACTERISTIC AND USES

STEEL ALLOY
Inconel
Is Nickel Chromium Steel alloy. Closely resembling
stainless steel. Its contents greater than 50 percents
nickel.
Used for making exhaust collector, stack and
manifolds, structural and machined part, spring,
casting, tie rod and control cable.
Tensile strength 100,000 psi annealed and 125,000 psi
when hard rolled and withstand temperature as a high
1,600 0F