IT-5301-3

Data Communications and Computer

Networks
University of Education, Pakistan.

–Layered Architecture
 Lecture–Roadmap
• Need of a Layered Architecture
• OSI Model
– 7 Layers of OSI Model
– Functional Details of OSI Layers
• Physical Layer
• Data Link Layer
• Network Layer
• Transport Layer
• Session Layer
• Presentation Layer
• Application Layer

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 Layered Architecture

• Design Philosophy of Layered Architecture

– The complex task of communication is broken into
simpler sub-tasks or modules
– Each layer performs a subset of the required
communication functions
– Each layer relies on the next lower layer to perform
more primitive functions
– Each layer provides services to the next higher layer
– Changes in one layer should not require changes in
other layers
– Helps in troubleshooting and identifying the problem

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An example Sending a letter

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 OSI Model

• To standardize the design of communication

system, the ISO created the OSI model.
• Open Systems Interconnection
• Developed by the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO)
• Contains Seven layers
• It describes the functions to be performed at
each layer

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 OSI Model
• ISO Established in 1947
• ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model.
• First introduced in the late 1970s.
• A layer model
• Each layer performs a subset of the required
communication functions
• Each layer relies on the next lower layer to
perform more primitive functions
• Each layer provides services to the next
higher layer
• Changes in one layer should not require
changes in other layers

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Note

ISO is the organization.

OSI is the model.

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 OSI Model

Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
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Peer-to-Peer Process

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An exchange using the OSI model

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 OSI Model – Physical Layer

• Physical
– Physical interface between devices
– handles the transmission of bits over a
communications channel
– Choice of Wired / wireless medium
– Data is converted into signals
– Includes voltage levels, connectors, media
choice
– modulation techniques
– EIA/TIA-232, RJ45, NRZ.

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Physical Layer

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 Note

The physical layer is responsible for movements of

individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

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 OSI Model – Data Link Layer

• Data Link
– Transforms data into a frame
– Means of activating, maintaining and
deactivating a reliable link
– Error detection and control
– Flow Control
– Higher layers may assume error free
transmission
– Examples :- Ethernet, Frame Relay, FDDI.

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Data Link Layer

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Note

The data link layer is responsible for moving

frames from one hop (node) to the next.

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 OSI Model – Network Layer

• Network
– Transport of information
– Higher layers do not need to know
about underlying technology
– Responsible for creating, maintaining
and ending network connections
– Transfers a data packet from node to
node within the network.
– Routing
– Not needed on direct links
– Examples :- IP, IPX, AppleTalk.

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Network Layer

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 Note

The network layer is responsible for the delivery of

individual packets from the source host to the
destination host.

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 Transport Layer

• Transport
– Exchange of data between end
systems (end to end flow control)
– Error free
– In sequence
– Quality of service
• Layer 4 protocols include TCP (Transmission
Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram
Protocol).

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Transport Layer

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 Note

The transport layer is responsible for the delivery

of a message from one process to another.

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 OSI Model – Session Layer

• Session
– Control of dialogues between
applications
• Half Duplex
• Full Duplex
– Synchronization Points (backup points)
– Examples :- SQL, ASP(AppleTalk Session
Protocol), NETBIOS, RPC, PAP.

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 Note

The session layer is responsible for dialog control and

synchronization.

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 OSI Model – Presentation
Layer
• Presentation
– Data formats and coding
– Data compression
– Encryption
– Examples :- JPEG, MPEG, ASCII,
EBCDIC, HTML.

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 Note

The presentation layer is responsible for translation,

compression, and encryption.

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 OSI Model – Application
Layer
• Application
– Layer where the application using the
network resides.
– Common network applications include
• remote login
• file transfer
• e-mail
• web page browsing etc.
– Means for applications to access OSI
environment

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 Note

The application layer is responsible for providing

services to the user.

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Summary of layers

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OSI Layers

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OSI Layers

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The OSI Environment

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The OSI Environment

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 TCP/IP Protocol Suit

• TCP/IP suite is the set of protocols that

implement the protocol stack on which
the Internet runs. It is sometimes called
the Internet Model.
• This model consists of five ordered
layers
• In a protocol stack, each layer solves a
set of problems involving the
transmission of data, and provides a
well-defined service to the higher layers
• Developed by research foundation by
US department of defense
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Internet layers

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TCP/IP Protocol Architecture
Model

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Some Protocols in TCP/IP Suite

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