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kinematics
The Bernoulli Equation
Newtons Second Law
F=ma along a streamline
F=ma normal to a streamline
Physical interpretations
Static, Stagnation, Dynamic and Total
Pressure
Examples of use of the Bernoulli Equation
The energy line and the hydraulic grade line
Restrictions of use of the Bernoulli Equation
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Newtons 2
nd
Law
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Streamlines
For steady flows each particle slides along its path, and its velocity
vector is tangent to the path. The lines that are tangent to the velocity
vectors throughout the flow field are called streamlines.
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Physical Interpretation
An equivalent form of the Bernoulli
Equation
Total head
p V2
Velocity head
Pressure head
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Example 1
Some animals have learned to take advantage of the Bernoulli
effect. For example, a typical prairie dog burrow contains two
entrances a flat front door and a mounded back door. When the
wind blows with velocity Vo across the front door, the average
velocity across the back door is greater than Vo because of the
mound. Assume the air velocity across the back door is 1.07Vo.
For a wind velocity of 6 m/s, what pressure difference, p1-p2, is
generated to provide a fresh air flow within the burrow.
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Static, stagnation,
Dynamic and Total
Pressure
1
p V 2 z pT
2
Static pressure
Actual thermodynamic pressure
Dynamic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure
Total pressure
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Static, stagnation,
Dynamic and Total
Pressure (cont.)
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Example 2
Natural gas (methane) flow from a 7.6cm diameter gas
main, through a 2.5cm diameter pipe and in to a burner
of a furnace at a rate of 2.8m3/h. determine the pressure
in the gas main if the pressure in the 2.5cm pipe is to be
15.2cm of water (take density of methane =0.667kg/m3)
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Assumptions
z1=h, z2=0
Reservoir is large, V1=0
Reservoir is open to atmosphere, p1=0 gage
Fluid leaves as a free jet, p2=0 gage
Once outside nozzle, the stream continues as a free
jet, p5=0 gage
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Example 3
Determine the flow rate from the tank
as shown in figure
(Ans.=3.7liters/s)
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Q = A2V2=0.0037m3/s
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Example 4
If viscous effects are neglected and the tank is large, determine the flow rate
from the tank shown in Fig.
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Datum line
Z1 = 0.7, V1 = 0,
Z2 = 0 and P2 = 0
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Example 4
Water flows through the pipe contraction shown in Figure for
the given 0.2-m difference in the manometer level, determine
the flow rate as a function of the diameter of the small pipe, D.
(Answer=0.0156m3/s)
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Q=0.1555 m /s
3
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Example 5
Water flows through the pipe contraction shown in Figure
For the given 0.2-m difference in the manometer level,
determine the flow rate as a function of the diameter of the
small pipe, D.
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Solution in the
class
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Q AV , m AV
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Example 5
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If exit of tank
is not smooth,
well contoured
nozzle, the
diameter of the
jet will be less
than the
diameter of the
hole vena
contracta effect
hole
jet
Contraction
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p1 12 V12 p2 12 V22
and
Q A1V1 A2V2
hence
Q A2
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2( p1 p2 )
2
1 A2 A1
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= 6.1
Liters/s
Water flows steadily from large tank and exits through a vertical, constant
diameter pipe as shown in the following figure. The air in the tank is pressurized
to 50 kN/m2. Assume inviscid and incompressible flow for the water. The specific
weight of water is 9.8 kN/m3. Determine
1.Determine the height, h to which the water rises.
2.Calculate the water velocity in the pipe.
3.Find the pressure in the horizontal part of the pipe.
4.Propose TWO(2) changes we can make in order to decrease the height of the
fountain to half of the initial height. Justify your answers
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Since
P1= 50,000 Pa,
V1=0,
Z1=2,
P2=0
V2=0
Z2=h=???
g = 1000x9.81=9810
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Since
P1= 50,000 Pa,
V1=0,
Z1=2,
P2=0
V2=?
Z2=4
g = 1000x9.81=9810
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Since
P1= 50,000 Pa,
V1=0,
Z1=2,
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P2=????
V2=7.79
Z2=0
Videos
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