Chemical

Bonding.
Unions that build
 Atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons
so as to have eight electrons in their outer
electron shell giving them the same
electronic configuration as a noble gas.
 The rule is applicable to the main-group

elements, especially carbon, nitrogen,

oxygen, and the halogens, but also to
metals such as sodium or magnesium.
 In simple terms, molecules or ions tend to

be most stable when the outermost

electron shells of their constituent atoms
contain eight electrons.
 The octet rule does not work for predicting the
charges on transition metals ions.

 Transition metals are located on the periodic

table in the ten columns between columns for
the representative elements, and the groups are
labeled IB to VIIIB.

 The transition metals typically produce ions with

1+, 2+, 3+ and sometime 4+ charges, and
unlike the representative elements many
transition metals can have more than one
charge state
 Valence electrons: Electrons in the outermost
electron shells, maximum 8 electrons. noble gases
has 8 electrons

 Ion: A charged atom. Can be either positive or

negative.
◦ Positive ion: Is an atom that lost at least one electron,
are called cations. Example Na+, Mg2+ , Al3+
◦ Negative ion: Is an atom that gained at least one
electron, are called anions. Cl-, O2- , N3-
 Groups IA, IIA, and IIIA have metallic atoms
that tend to lose electrons to acquire
electronic configuration of a noble gas
forming positive ions.

 Groups VA, VIA, VIIA have non metallic

atoms that tend to gain electrons to
acquire electronic configuration of a noble
gas forming negative ions.
Element Group Valence e- Electrons to Ion
form Ion Forme
Lost Gained d

Sodium IA Na+
Magnesium IIA Mg2+

Calcium IIA Ca2+

Aluminum IIIA Al3+
Sulfur VIA S2-
Oxygen VIA O2-
Chlorine VIIA Cl-
Bromine VIIA Br-
 Lewis structures, also called Lewis-dot
diagrams, Electron-dot diagrams or
Electron-dot structures, are diagrams
that show the bonding between atoms of a
molecule, and the lone pairs of electrons
that may exist in the molecule.

 Consists of the element symbol surrounded

by "dots" to represent the number of
electrons in the outer energy level
(correlated by the Group number).
However, because of the high charge
that would result, either C4+ or C4- for
carbon and Si4+ or Si4- for silicon
 Lithium  Lithium ion
 Calcium  Calcium ion
 Aluminum  Aluminum ion
 Carbon  Carbon
 Nitrogen  Nitrogen ion
 Oxygen ion
 Oxygen
 Chlorine ion
 Chlorine  Argon
 Argon
Symbol Atomic Lewis Formed Ionic ElectronicLewis
Electronic atom ion configuration ionic
configuratio structure structure
n

Li 1s2 2s1 Li Li+ 1s2 Li+

Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
 A chemical bond is the attraction caused by
the electromagnetic force between opposing
charges, either between electrons and nuclei
or as the result of a dipole attraction.
 The strength of bonds varies considerably;
there are "strong bonds" such as covalent or
ionic bonds and "weak bonds" such as
dipole-dipole interactions, the
London dispersion force and
hydrogen bonding.
 Type of chemical bond that involves a metal and a
nonmetal ion through electrostatic attraction. It is a
bond formed by the attraction between two
oppositely charged ions, The electrostatic
attraction between the oppositely charged ions
causes them to come together and form a bond
like magnets .

 The metal donates one or more electrons, forming

a positively charged ion or cation with a stable
electron configuration. These electrons then enter
the non metal, causing it to form a negatively
charged ion or anion which also has a stable
electron configuration.
For example, common salt is sodium chloride.
When sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) are combined,
the sodium atoms each lose an electron forming a
cation (Na+), and the chlorine atom gain an electron
to form an anion (Cl−).
Na + Cl  Na+ + Cl-
 Formed between a metallic element and a non
metallic element.
 The bonding involves electrons transfer, the

metal atom donates electrons while the non

metal accept the electrons.
 The compounds formed are solids with a crystal

lattice tridimensional structure.

 Most of them dissolve in water giving solutions

that conducts electricity

 Salts (NaCl) and acids (HCl) are ionic

compounds
 1. Find the total number of electrons:
For each atom, read the group number.
2. Draw a first tentative structure:
The element with the least number of atoms is usually the
central element. Draw a tentative molecular and electron
arrangement attaching other atoms with single bonds as the
first guess.

 3. Add electrons as dots to get octets around atoms:

When counting electrons for the octet around an atom, count
both electrons in a bond for each atom and any lone pair
electrons. Hydrogen, of course, gets only 2 electrons.
4. Count the total number of electrons in the final
structure to see if the total agrees with the number tabulated
in step #1. If not, then move a lone pair of electrons into a
double bond. Or add more lone pairs of electrons.

 5. Cycle through steps 3 and 4 several times until you get

it right by trial and error.
NaCl Na IA = 1e Cl VIIA= 7e




Na + Cl  Na +




Cl -





MgCl2 Mg IIA=2e Cl VIIA= 7e

 
 




Cl Cl



 -2+  -
Mg + Cl Cl Mg






 
 

RbBr
CaBr2
AlF3
SrO
 Chemical bonding is characterized by the
sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms.

 Is formed by at least two non-metallic elements,

they can be molecules of the same atom like O2
or different atoms like H2O.

 The atoms can share more than one pair of

electrons, they can share two or even three pair
of electrons, like single, double or triple bonds.
 or

The pair of shared

electrons can be drawn
with lines

Chlorine molecule Cl2  




Cl = 7 e Cl Cl


 

pair of shared electrons in

red, each chlorine atom
has 8 e
 Single: One pair of electrons are shared.
or

 Double: Two pairs of electrons are shared.

 Triple: Three pairs of electrons are shared

1. Write the valence electrons of the
Nitrogen atom
2. Write the total number of electrons from
both atoms
3. Draw the dot diagram
4. Arrange the electrons using octet rule
(both atoms must have 8 electrons how
many electrons must they share?)
 N from family VA= 5 electrons

For the molecule N2 are 10 electrons
 Sharing just one pair doesn’t apply the octet rule.


 Neither sharing two pairs of electrons apply

 
 


N N
But sharing THREE pair of electrons the octet rule does apply



N N


or N N   
 

 

N  N
 

 
 




N N
 F2
 NH3
 H2
 H2S
 HBr
 CH4
 CO2
 CO
 O2
 CCl4
 Polar covalent: between atoms of different elements. Example H2O,
H2S, CO2, CCl4. The type of bond is also determined by the difference
of the electronegativity values of the elements <(below)1.7
Example : H2O
H=2.1 O=3.5  3.5-2.1= 1.4 polar covalent bond

 Non-polar Covalent: Between molecules. Same elements. Example

H2, O2, Cl2, F2. The type of bond is also determined by the difference
of the electronegativity values of the elements = 0
Example F2
F= 4  4-4 = 0 Non-polar Covalent bond
Compound Electronegativity Electronegativit Type of bond
value of each atom y difference

F2 F: 4.0 F: 4.0 4.0 – 4.0 = 0 Covalent Non-

polar
H2S
NaF
RbBr
NH3
HF
MgO
KCl
N2
CH4
 In chemistry, polarity refers to a separation of
electric charge leading to a molecule having an
electric dipole.

 Polar: Is a molecule that can dissolve in water

like Salts (NaCl, KF, etc) and Acids (HCl, HNO3,
etc).

 Non polar: Is a molecule that can not dissolve in

water like fats, oils, gasoline, methane gas
(CH4) carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), CO2.
 A water molecule, a commonly-used example
of polarity. The two charges are present with
a negative charge in the middle (red shade),
and a positive charge at the ends (blue
shade).
 Metallic bonding is the electromagnetic interaction
between delocalized electrons, called "electrons sea“.
 The electrons sea are the responsible for the physical
properties of solid metals: conduct heat and electricity,
generally high melting and boiling points,strong,
malleable (can be hammered or pressed out of shape
without breaking), ductile (able to be drawn into a wire),
metallic lustre
 The elements involved in this type of bonding are mainly
the transition metals like Fe, Cu, Au, Ag, Al, Zn, Pt, etc.
 Are the forces holding molecules together
◦ Dipole-dipole forces
◦ Weak London dispersion or van der Waal's force.
◦ Hydrogen bond
Certain substances such as H2O, HF, NH3 form hydrogen bonds, and
the formation of which affects properties (solubility) of substance.
Other compounds containing OH and NH2 groups also form hydrogen
bonds. Molecules of many organic compounds such as alcohols,
acids, amines, and aminoacids contain these groups, and thus
hydrogen bonding plays a important role in biological science.
Which of the
following pairs
has the
strongest
hydrogen bond.

a)HCl or HF
b)NH3 or PH3
c)H2O or H2S