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Well Drilling
Lesson 20
Abnormal Pressure
1
Abnormal Pressure
Read:
Applied Drilling Engineering, Ch. 6
HW #11
Slip Velocity
Due 10-28-02
3
Depth, ft
10,000
??
D epth, ft
0.433 psi/ft
8.33 lb/gal
0.465 psi/ft
9.00 lb/gal
Normal
Abormal
5,000
10,000
15,000
5
10
15
20
Fracture Gradient
Pore Pressure
Gradient
* Pore
Pressure
Gradients
* Fracture
Gradients
Casing
Setting
Depths
HIGH PRESSURE
NORMAL PRESSURE
10
HIGH PRESSURE
NORMAL PRESSURE
12
ob
p z
OB = p + Z
14
15
Abnormal Pressure
contd
19
3. After drilling
Resistivity log
Conductivity log
Sonic log
Density log
21
0.000085
DS
.
.
0.41 e
22
23
What is dexponent?
Decreasing ROP
24
D - Exponent
The
drilling rate
equation:
R K N
DB
E
Where
R = drilling rate, ft/hr
K = drillability constant
N = rotary speed, RPM
E = rotary speed expon.
W = bit weight, lbs
DB = bit diameter, in
D = bit wt. Exponent
or D - exponent
25
D - Exponent
R K N
DB
If we assume that K = 1
and E = 1
Then
R W
N DB
R
log
N
D
W
log
DB
26
D - Exponent
A modified version of this equation
follows:
log
60 N
d
12 W
log
6
10 DB
27
Example
Calculate the value of the d - exponent if
the drilling rate is 35 ft/hr, the rotary RPM
is 100, and the weight on the 12 1/4 bit is
60,000 lbs.
log
60 N
d
12 W
log
6
10 DB
35
log
60 * 100
2.2341
1.2308
12 * 60,000
log
6
10 12.25
d = 1.82
28
Example
What happens to d if R doubles to 70 ft/hr?
70
log
60 * 100
1.9331
1.57
1.2308
12 * 60,000
log
6
10 12.25
Note that an increase in R resulted in a decrease in d.
Doubling R decreased d from 1.82 to 1.57
29
Example
d may be Corrected for density as
follows
mud weight for normal gradient (ppg)
dc d
actual mud weight in use(ppg)
9
9
e.g., dc d
1.82 *
1.37
12
12
30
Example 2
Calculate d if:
R = 20 ft/hr
N = 100 RPM
W = 25,000 lbf
DB = 9 7/8 in
log
60 N
d
12 W
log
6
10 DB
20
log
60 * 100
12 * 25,000
log
6
10 * 9.875
d = 1.63
31
Example 2
If the normal pore pressure gradient in the
area is 0.433 psi/ft, and the actual mud
weight is 11.2 #/gal, what is dc?
dc d
dc = 1.21
32
33
nd
Tre
al
Depth
rm
No
Normal
Abnormal
dc - Exponent
35
D D D D
Pore
Pressure
Grad.
dc calculated
dc normal
n
Overburden
Stress Grad.
1.2
Normal Pore
Pressure Grad.
36
In normally pressured
shales, shale
compaction increases
with depth
37
Depth
10,000
0.2
0.5
2 3
40
From plot,
EATON
Rn = 1.55 ohms
Robs = 0.80 ohms
From Eaton:
P S S P
D D D D
R obs
Rn
n
P
0.95 0.95 0.465
D
1 .2
0.80
1.55
1. 2
10,000
0.2
0.5
2 3
41