Caraga State University

College of Engineering and Information

Technology

Theory of Errors and

Adjustments
Lecture 3

Broddett B. Abatayo, GE
Lecturer

PEG METHOD OF
In a two peg test using modelADJUSTMENT
wild NA2 dumpy level, the following
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observations were taken:

Rod reading

1.
2.
3.

Instrument M set
up near at A

Instrument P set
up near at B

on point A

1.623

0.362

on point B

2.875

1.622

What is the true difference in elevation between A and B?

Determine the error in the line of sight for the net distance AB ?
Determine the correct reading at A that will give level line of sight with
the instrument still at point P.

A
B

PEG METHOD OF
In a two peg test using modelADJUSTMENT
wild NA2 dumpy level, the following
SITUATION
SITUATION1:1:

observations were taken:

Rod reading

1.
2.
3.

Instrument M set
up near at A

Instrument P set
up near at B

on point A

1.623

0.362

on point B

2.875

1.622

What is the true difference in elevation between A and B?

Determine the error in the line of sight for the net distance AB ?
Determine the correct reading at A that will give level line of sight with
the instrument still at point P.
Ans. 1.) 1.256m
2.) 0.004m
3.) 0.366m

A
B

SITUATION
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PEG METHOD OF
ADJUSTMENT

The line of sight of a wye level was tested by setting up exactly midway
between two points A and B.
Instrument at M
Instrument at P
Rod reading on A

1.520m

1.683m

Rod reading on B

1.395m

1.490m

1. What is the true difference in elevation between A and B?

2. What is the error in the line of sight?
3. Determine the reading at A that will make the line of sight horizontal?

B
A

SITUATION
SITUATION2:2:

PEG METHOD OF
ADJUSTMENT

The line of sight of a wye level was tested by setting up exactly midway
between two points A and B.
Instrument at M
Instrument at P
Rod reading on A

1.520m

1.683m

Rod reading on B

1.395m

1.490m

1. What is the true difference in elevation between A and B?

2. What is the error in the line of sight?
3. Determine the reading at A that will make the line of sight horizontal?
Ans. 1.) 0.125m
2.) 0.068m
3.) 1.615m

B
A

SITUATION
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PEG METHOD OF
ADJUSTMENT

To make peg adjustment, the following notes were taken.

Wye level @ 1

Wye level @ 2

Rod reading @ P

0.75m

1.906m

Rod reading @ Q

2.766m

3.789m

Point 1 is on the line PQ and midway between P and Q. Point 2 is on the same
line as P and Q but not between them. Point 2 is 25m from P and 230m from Q.
With the wye level at point 2, what is the rod reading at P for a level sight?

A
B

SITUATION
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PEG METHOD OF
ADJUSTMENT

To make peg adjustment, the following notes were taken.

Wye level @ 1

Wye level @ 2

Rod reading @ P

0.75m

1.906m

Rod reading @ Q

2.766m

3.789m

Point 1 is on the line PQ and midway between P and Q. Point 2 is on the same
line as P and Q but not between them. Point 2 is 25m from P and 230m from Q.
With the wye level at point 2, what is the rod reading at P for a level sight?
Ans. 1.921

A
B

SITUATION
SITUATION4:4:
A line of levels 6km long is run from
BM1 to BM2 with a computed
elevation of 165.80m. The average
BS and FS distances are 100m and
150m respectively.
1.) It was found out however that
the line of sight of the instrument is
inclined upward by 0.003m in a
distance of 10m. Determine the
correct elevation of BM2.
2.) If the level settles by 5mm
between the instant of every BS and
FS readings. Find the correct
elevation of BM2.
3.) If the leveling rod is inclined 4
from the vertical every time the
backsight is taken and the average
BS reading is 2.4m. Determine the
correct elevation of BM2.

SITUATION
SITUATION4:4:
A line of levels 6km long is run from
BM1 to BM2 with a computed
elevation of 165.80m. The average
BS and FS distances are 100m and
150m respectively.
1.) It was found out however that
the line of sight of the instrument is
inclined upward by 0.003m in a
distance of 10m. Determine the
correct elevation of BM2.
2.) If the level settles by 5mm
between the instant of every BS and
FS readings. Find the correct
elevation of BM2.
3.) If the leveling rod is inclined 4
from the vertical every time the
backsight is taken and the average
BS reading is 2.4m. Determine the
correct elevation of BM2.

SITUATION
SITUATION4:4:
A line of levels 6km long is run from
BM1 to BM2 with a computed
elevation of 165.80m. The average
BS and FS distances are 100m and
150m respectively.
1.) It was found out however that
the line of sight of the instrument is
inclined upward by 0.003m in a
distance of 10m. Determine the
correct elevation of BM2.
2.) If the level settles by 5mm
between the instant of every BS and
FS readings. Find the correct
elevation of BM2.
3.) If the leveling rod is inclined 4
from the vertical every time the
backsight is taken and the average
BS reading is 2.4m. Determine the
correct elevation of BM2.

SITUATION
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Adjustment of LEVEL
CIRCUITS
The known elevation of BM1 is

BM2
783.21
3m
6
m .02
6

2
3.
m

k
738.730m. A 30,500km long level
45
2
5.
circuit is run, closing back on BM1
m
BM1
k
with an elevation, as determined
from the notes, of 728.486m. The
728.73
k
BM3
3
0m
observed elevations of other
728.48
5
2
6m
5.
bench marks which were
m
891.76
BM6
7k
established during the run, and
44
.
6
4m
702.95
their distances from the initial 6m
BM4
m
Sta mark
Distance
bench
are givenObserved
as follows:
6k
4.24
BM5
843.19
from BM1
elevation
m
5m
km
m
739.70
BM1
0.000
8m
728.730
BM2
5.245
Determine the ff:
783.213
BM3
11.271
891.764
1.) The error of closure.
BM4
17.718
2.) Correction to be applied to each
843.195
BM5
21.964
observed
739.708
elevation.
BM6
25.247
3.) Adjusted elevations of the bench marks
702.956
BM1
30.500
along the
728.486
level route.
k
83

SITUATION
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Adjustment of LEVEL
CIRCUITS
BM1

5.

5k

BM3

BM4

k
83

BM5

728.73
0m
728.48
6m

2
3.
m

BM6
702.95
6m

k
53

24
5.
m

BM2
783.21
3m
6
m .02
6

6k
4.24
m

739.70
8m

6 .4
m

47

891.76
4m

843.19
5m

Determine the ff:

1.) The error of closure.
2.) Correction to be applied to each
observed
elevation.
3.) Adjusted elevations of the bench marks
along the
level route.

SITUATION
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Adjustment of LEVEL NET

From the level net shown , it is

required to compute the adjusted
elevations of BM2, BM3 and BM4 if
BM1 = 100m.
BM3

+4.76

- 10.64

BM2

- 4.95
BM4

+20.64
- 15.96
BM1

BM2 100 = 20.64

BM3 BM2 = 4.76
BM4 BM3 = -10.64
100 BM4 = -15.96
BM4 BM2 = -4.95
VARIABLES = CONSTANT
BM2
= 120.64
-BM2 + BM3
= 4.76
-BM3 + BM4 = -10.64
-BM4 = -115.96
-BM2
+ BM4 = -4.95

A
B
C
D
E

SITUATION
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