Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
AMS 5.2
Describe the construction of aircraft tyres, identify them by their
markings and state their application.
AMS 5.3
Describe the precautions to be observed during inflation of aircraft
tyres.
AMS 5.4
Identify faults and damage that render tyres unserviceable.
AMS 5.5
Describe the types of wheels used on aircraft and state their
applications.
AMS 5 - 2
Wheels and Tyres
Tyres
Provide a cushion of air that helps absorb the shocks
and roughness of landings and takeoffs.
Support the weight of the aircraft while on the ground
Provide the necessary traction for braking and stopping
aircraft on landing.
Aircraft tyres must be carefully maintained
to meet the rigorous demands of their basic job;
to accept a variety of static and dynamic stresses
dependably in a wide range of operating
conditions.
Tyre Construction
Tyre Construction
Tyre Construction
Tyre Construction
Tyre Treads
Plain tread
All-weather tread
Rib tread
Deflector
Smooth contour
II
High pressure
III
Low pressure
IV
Not applicable
VI
Low profile
VII
VIII
Smooth contour
II
High pressure
III
IV
V
Low pressure
Extra low pressure
Not applicable
VI
Low profile
VII
VIII
III
Low pressure
Not applicable
VII
VIII
Tyre Types
This tyre is in use today
but is considered
obsolete and is not used
on new design aircraft.
Tyre Types
Type II tyres were brought out
with the introduction of the
retractable gear as a more
compact replacement for Type I.
Type II have been replaced
largely by Type VII tyres which
have higher load capacities.
Tyre Types
The Type III tyre is used on most
piston driven aircraft today.
The section width is relatively
wider in relation to the bead
diameter.
Tyre Types
This type of tyre came in with the need
for more flotation and cushioning than
was provided by Type III tyres.
They have a very large section width
in relation to the bead diameter.
Made in limited quantities, Type IV
tyres are almost obsolete.
Sizes made are all tube type
construction for tail and main wheels.
Type IV Extra Low Pressure
Tyre Types
Made especially for nose
wheels,
Type VI tyres are noted for
their low sectional height (low
profile).
This minimises wheel drop in
the event of a flat tyre.
Type VI Low Profile
Tyre Types
Used almost universally on
today's jet aircraft.
Type VII tyres are characterised
by their conventional shape
and very high load capacities.
Goodyear currently produces
many sizes of Type VII tyres
with ply ratings ranging from 4
to 38, used on nose and main
wheels.
Type VII Extra High Pressure
Tyre Types
Type VIII tyres are used for
high performance jet aircraft
with their extremely high
takeoff speeds.
They use extra high inflation
pressure and have a low
profile.
Their size designation
includes the outside
diameter, section width, and
Type VIII Extra High Pressure rim diameter.
Low Profile, High Speed
An example of a tyre
designation for a Type VIII
tyre would be 30 x11.5014.5
Tyre Inspection
onis generated
the Aircraft
within the tyre
Heat
as it rolls over the ground, or
from external sources such as
the brakes or hot runway
surfaces.
Tread Condition
The basic strength of the tyre is in its carcass.
Tyre loses none of its strength as long as the tread does not
wear down into the body plies of the carcass.
A tyre that has been properly maintained and operated with the
correct inflation pressure will wear the tread uniformly,
Normal Inflation
Tread Condition
Over-inflated
Centre ribs are worn away while the shoulder
ribs still have an appreciable depth,
The tyre has been operated in an over inflated
condition,
Highly susceptible to cuts and bruises.
Should be carefully checked for this type of
damage.
Tread Condition
Under-inflation
will cause the shoulder ribs to wear more than
those in the centre.
Any tyre showing this wear pattern should be
carefully inspected for signs of bulges, which
could indicate ply separation.
Under-inflation
Tread Condition
Tread that has been worn until the body
plies are visible indicates poor maintenance.
If it is worn only to the point that the tread
reinforcement is showing, it is possible that
retreading can salvage the tyre.
If it is worn into the body plies, it has gone
too far to be saved.
Poor maintenance
Tread Condition
Tread Condition
Tread cut more than halfway across a rib, or any of the
carcass plies are exposed, the tyre should be removed.
Bits of glass, rock, or metal embedded in the tread, they
should be carefully pried out with a blunt awl or a small
screwdriver.
Cuts in
Tread
Tread Condition
When a wheel locks up on a water covered runway and
rides on the surface of the water, a tremendous amount of
heat builds up at the point of contact and actually burns
the rubber.
Tyres showing heat/burn damage should be removed from
service.
Aquaplane
Damage
Tread Condition
Operating on grooved runways can cause chevron-shaped
cuts across the ribs of a tyre
If cuts extend across more than one-half of the rib, the tyre
should be removed from service.
Mark any damage or suspect area of the tyre with a light
coloured crayon before deflating the tyre, because when
the air is out, these areas will be almost impossible to
locate.
Grooved
Runway
Damage
Tyre Removal
Jack the aircraft according IAW the aircraft service
manual,
Tyre Removal
Place the wheel on a flat surface and break
the bead away from the wheel, using a
straight push as near the rim as possible.
If the tyre is tubeless, be careful that the Oring seal between the wheel halves is not
damaged.
Tyre Storage
All new and retreaded tyres should be stored in a;
cool, dry area,
out of direct sunlight and
away from any electrical machinery.
Fluorescent lights, electric motors, generators,
and battery chargers all convert oxygen into
ozone, which is very harmful to rubber.
Tyre Storage
The storage room should not have extremes of
temperature, but should be maintained between
32 and 80 F (0 and 27 C).
Special care should be taken to assure that no;
grease,
oil,
hydraulic fluid,or
any other hydrocarbon compound
comes in contact with the stored tyre, as all of
these compounds will attack the rubber to
some degree.
Tyre Storage
Whenever possible the tyres should
be stored vertically in racks.
Tyre supported on a flat surface
which is at least three or four inches
wide.
If tubeless tyres are stacked horizontally, the bottom tyres in
the stack may be distorted so much that the beads will not
seat on the wheel unless a special bead-seating tool is used.
Aircraft Tubes
Tube construction and selection
Aircraft Tubes
Tube construction and selection
If the tube is too small for the tyre, its splices will be
overstressed and the tube will be weakened
Aircraft Tubes
Tube Inspection
If a tube is suspected of leaking,
first check the valve by spreading a drop of
water over the end of the valve,
Watch to see if a bubble forms.
If a bubble does form, the valve core
should be replaced.
Aircraft Tubes
Tube Inspection
If the leak is not in the valve, the tyre must be
deflated and demounted and the tube removed.
Inflate the tube and submerge it in water to find the
source of bubbles.
If the tube is too large for the available water
container, flow water over the surface of the tube as
you look for the leak.
When inflating a tube that is not in a tyre, do not put
more air into it than is required to round it out.
Check the tube carefully around the valve stem and
the valve pad for any indication of the pad pulling
away from the tube.
Aircraft Tubes
Tube Inspection
Examine the inside circumference of the tube for
evidence of chafing against the toe of the bead or
by corrosion on the wheel.
Any tube that is chafed enough to lose
some of its thickness in spots should be
replaced.
Aircraft Tubes
Tube Inspection
The brakes on a modern highperformance aircraft
absorb tremendous amounts of energy,
Some wheels have heat shields,
Tyres and tubes cannot be completely
protected from the heat.
Examine the inner circumference of the tube for;
any indication that it has been heated enough
for the rubber to have lost its smooth contour
and taken a set or developed square corners.
Any tube that is deformed in this way should be
replaced.
Reinforced tubes should be used on installations
where there is enough heat to damage a regular tube.
Aircraft Tubes
Tube Storage
Aircraft Tubes
Tube Storage
Tubes should never be stored;
Tyre Mounting
Tubeless tyres
Tyre Mounting
Tubeless tyres
Before the tyre is mounted on a wheel, the wheel must be
carefully inspected to ensure;
Corrosion, and
Tyre Mounting
Tubeless tyres
Clean the bead seat area and the O-ring seal area with
a cloth dampened with isopropyl alcohol, and
Lubricate the O-ring with the same grease used for the
wheel bearing, and
Tyre Mounting
Tubeless tyres
Apply tyre talc to the toe, or inner edge, of the bead to help the
bead to seat when the tyre is inflated.
Ensure that no powder gets between the bead and the wheel
flange.
Carefully place the tyre over the inboard wheel half with the
red dot indicting the tyre's light point adjacent to the wheel
valve, (or if some other mark on the wheel identifies its heavy
point, adjacent to that mark).
Place the outboard wheel half inside the tyre and line up the
bolt holes.
Apply an anti-seize compound to;
the threads of the bolts,
both sides of the washers, and
the bearing surface of the nuts.
Tyre Mounting
Tubeless tyres
Install the bolts and nuts, and draw all of the nuts up
in a crisscross fashion to one-half of the required
torque.
Go back and bring them all up to the full torque.
Tyre Mounting
Tubeless tyres
Place the wheel and tyre assembly in a safety cage,
adjust the air pressure regulator to the recommended tyre
pressure, and,
using a clipon chuck, inflate the tyre gradually.
Watch while the tyre is inflating to be sure the beads seat
against the wheel flange.
All nylon tyres stretch when they are initially inflated and should
be allowed to remain for 12 to 24 hours with no load applied.
Tyre Mounting
Tube tyres
Be sure before mounting a tube-type tyre on a wheel, that the
tyre and tube are both correct for the installation.
Inspect the wheel for any indication of damage or corrosion, and
if any corrosion is found, remove all traces of the damage and
restore the protective oxide film.
Spray on two coats of zinc chromate primer and restore the
finish to match the rest of the wheel.
Before mounting the tyre, clean the bead seat area with a rag
dampened with isopropyl alcohol.
Check the inside of the tyre to be sure that it is clean and free of
all foreign material and then dust it with an approved tyre talcum
powder.
Tyre Mounting
Tube tyres
Fold the inner tube and dust it with
talc and slip it inside the tyre with
the valve sticking out on the side of
the tyre having the serial number.
Inflate the tube just enough to
round it out and adjust it inside the
tyre so the yellow mark indicating
the heavy point of the tube aligns
with the red dot on the tyre
indicating its light point.
If there is no balance mark on the
tube, you can assume that the
valve is the heavy point.
Tube tyres
Tyre Mounting
Rub tyre talc on the toe of the bead to help it slide over
the wheel and seat itself.
Place the inboard half of the wheel in the tyre, but ensure
that the tube is not pinched.
Tyre Mounting
Tube tyres
Tyre Mounting
Tube tyres
The air pressure in a tube-type tyre will drop after initial inflation.
When all this trapped air leaks out around the valve, under
the beads, and through the sidewall vents.
All of this air should be out within the initial 12- to 24-hour period.
Pressure may then be adjusted and the tyre put in service.
Tyre Balancing
Tyre Balancing
Tyre Balancing
Many of the smaller wheels
do not have provisions for
mechanically attaching
balance weight
Prevention of Creep
Prevention of Creep
Design features incorporated in
wheels are:
Knurled Flange
The inner face of the wheel
flange is milled so that the
side pressure of the tyre
locks the beads to the
flange;
Prevention of Creep
Tapered Bead Seat.
Creepmarks consisting of a
yellow painted strip running
across the edge of the rim and
onto the tyre are also used.
O Ring
Wheel assembly halves
Wheel Bearings
Tapered roller type
consist of
a bearing cone,
rollers with a retaining cage, and
a bearing cup, or outer race.
Each wheel has the