Analog and Digital Communication Systems Spring 2015

ANALOG AND DIGITAL

COMMUNICATION
LECTURE#01-03

SanaHassan

Important Notes which should be

remembered throughout the
semester

Discipline: I expect you to remain disciplined in the

class throughout semester. Using cell phone during
lecture is highly prohibited . Strong disciplinary action
will be taken in case of any violation.
Attendance: Try to be on time. No one will be
allowed to enter the class room after 5 min of
commencement of the lecture. Please dont come to
me for attendance compensation, whatsoever the
reason is.
Assignments: Copying assignments of others will
have very serious impact on your grade. So avoid it.

Analog and Digital Communication Systems Fall 2015

Important Notes-contd..
3

I encourage you to ask the questions.

Raise your hands before asking any
question and speak after permission.
Questions should be relevant to the topic
of discussion, not from the topics which
have been discussed in previous lectures
or to be discussed in future.
Hold your questions till end of lecture.

Analog and Digital Communication Systems Fall 2015

Course Objective
4

To acquire a mathematical
understanding of Analog and Digital
Communication Systems.
Be able to design a practical
communication system at the block
diagram level under certain constraints
and requirements.

Analog and Digital Communication Systems Fall 2015

Books:
5

Text book-1: Modern analog and digital

communication, 4th edition, B.P.Lathi ,

Analog and Digital Communication Systems Fall 2015

Books:
6

Text book-2: Digital Communications:

Fundamentals and Applications, Bernard
Sklar, Prentice Hall, 2nd ed, 2001.

Analog and Digital Communication Systems Fall 2015

Books:
7

Reference Books:

Digital Communications, Fourth Edition, J.G.

Proakis,
McGraw Hill, 2000.

Analog and Digital Communication Systems Fall 2015

Pre-requisite:
8

EE-319 Probability and Random

Processes.
EE-223 Signals and Systems.
Calculus

Analog and Digital Communication Systems Fall 2015

Course Outline:
9

Introduction.
Fourier Representation of Signals and Systems.
Amplitude Modulation.
Angle Modulation.
Pulse Modulation: Transition from Analog to
Digital Communications.
Signals and Noise (Random processes)
Baseband Data Transmission and detection.
Digital Band-Pass Modulation Techniques and
detection.
Analog and Digital Communication Systems Fall 2015

Grading Policy (tentative):

10

Assigments and Quizes:

Sessional-I:
Sessional-II:
Class Participation:
Final Exam:

Analog and Digital Communication Systems Fall 2015

15%
15%
15%
5%
50%

Let us Start!!
11

What is Communication??
Communication by electrical signals. Other
ways? Torches. What about winks!!
Communication technology is alleviating the
economic crisis. How? Teleconferencing.

Analog and Digital Communication Systems Fall 2015

Examples of Communication Systems

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Analog and Digital Communication Systems Fall 2015

Communication Systems
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Input Transducer:

Transmitter:

Non Electrical signal converted into

Electrical Waveform (Baseband)
Modifies baseband signal for efficient

transmission

Channel: medium-coaxial cable, optical fiber, wireless

Receiver: undoing signal modifications made at the
transmitter and the channels

Output Transducer:

Converts Electrical Signal to its

original form-the message

Analog and Digital Communication Systems Spring 2015

Signal Distortion
14

attenuati
on

distortion

noise

Signal Distortion
15

Channel acts as a filter

Distortion because of various phase shifts- linear
distortion
Distortion that varies with the signal amplitudes is
nonlinear,caused through attenuation
Both can be partly corrected by an equalizer

Analog and Digital Communication Systems Fall 2015

Noise
16

Noise is one of the basic factors that sets limit on

the communication. It is a random signal
External Noise-Signal traveling on near by channels
Internal Noise-thermal motion of the electrons
The former can be reduced or eliminated but the
later can only be reduced and never eliminated

Analog and Digital Communication Systems Fall 2015

Signal-to-Noise Ratio
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Ratio of Signal power to noise power

The SNR is continuously decreasing
along the length of channel. Why?
Accumulation of noise
Amplification of received signal to make
up for the attenuation is of no avail
because noise will be amplified in the
same proportion

Analog and Digital Communication Systems Fall 2015

Bandwidth
18

Analog and Digital Communication Systems Fall 2015

Note

The bandwidth of a signal is the

difference between the
highest and the lowest frequencies
contained in that signal.

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Contd.
20

The bandwidth of channel is range of

frequencies that it can transmit with
reasonable reliability.
If a channel can transmit with
reasonable reliability, a signal whose
frequencies components occupy a range
from 0 to 5000 Hz, channel bandwidth is
5000 or 5 KHz.

Analog and Digital Communication Systems Fall 2015

Classification of Signals
Continuous-Time & Discrete-Time Signals

21

Analog and Digital Communication Systems Spring 2015

Analog & Digital Signals

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Analog and Digital Communication Systems Spring 2015

Deterministic & Random Signals

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A signal whose physical description is known

completely, in either a mathematical form or
a graphical form is deterministic signal. If a
signal is known only in terms of probabilistic
description, such as mean value, mean
squared value and so on, rather than its
complete
mathematical
or
graphical
description, is a random signal. Most of the
message & noise signals encountered in
practice are random signals.
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1.
2.

Two parameters are considered to design

a communication system to achieve
certain data rate R.
Channel Bandwidth
Transmission Power

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Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC)

25

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Contd
26

Sampling

Quantization

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ADC Conversion
27

Analog and Digital Communication Systems Fall 2015

ADC Conversion
28

Analog and Digital Communication Systems Fall 2015

ADC Conversion
29

In 16 ary case (PAM) 16 distinct waveforms are

required (+/- A/2, +/- 3A/2,)
Each of the two wave forms separated by A to
guard against the noise and distortion
In pulse code modulation (PCM),also known as
binary communication, two basic pulses +/A/2 are used.
So to transmit each sample, 4 binary pulses are
transmitted.
a sequence of four such pulses gives 16
patterns
Analog and Digital Communication Systems Fall 2015

ADC Conversion
30

Bandwidth Comparison between PCM and

PAM
In binary case, however, we need to transmit
four pulses in each sampling interval Ts (the
time required to transmit one sample) instead
of just one pulse required in 16 ary case.
Thus the required channel bandwidth in binary
case (PCM) is four times as great that of 16 ary
case (PAM).

Analog and Digital Communication Systems Fall 2015

ADC Conversion
31

Transmission Power Comparison between

PCM and PAM
In 16 ary case, the peak amplitude of the
transmitted pulses is 15A/2.
In binary ary case, the peak amplitude of the
transmitted pulses is A/2.
Thus transmitted power is considerably
reduced in PCM than that of 16 ary case (PAM)

Analog and Digital Communication Systems Fall 2015

ADC Conversion
32

Comparison between PCM and PAM

In 16 ary case (PAM), to achieve certain data
rate R we need less channel bandwidth and
more transmission power.
In binary ary case(PCM), to achieve certain data
rate R we need more channel bandwidth and
less transmission power.
Hence to achieve certain data R, if we
decrease channel bandwidth, we have to
increase transmission power and vice versa.
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Two primary resources are the channel

bandwidth and transmitted power.
In a given scenario one resource may be
more valuable to other and
communication system should be
designed accordingly.
Satellite communication (Less power,
more bandwidth)
Telephone (more power, less bandwidth)
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Example
We can calculate the theoretical highest bit rate of a
regular telephone line. A telephone line normally has a
bandwidth of 3KHz. The signal-to-noise ratio is usually
3162. For this channel the capacity is calculated as

C = B log2 (1 + SNR) = 3000 log2 (1 + 3162)

= 3000 log2 (3163)
C = 3000 11.62 = 34,860 bps
Analog and Digital Communication Systems Fall 2015

Signals & Systems

36

Signals:
A signal as the term implies, is a set of information or data. Signals are
generally functions of the independent variable time.
Systems:
Signals may be processed further by systems, which may modify them or extract
additional information for them.
Signal Energy

Signal Power

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Analog and Digital Communication Systems Fall 2015

Question??
38

Is there any signal for which neither the

energy nor the power exists?
YES
Ramp

Signal

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Example 2.1

39

Determine the suitable measures of the signals in Fig 2.3

Analog and Digital Communication Systems Fall 2015

Unit Impulse Function

Tall, narrow rect pulse

Multiplication of a Function by an
Since impulse exists only at t=0 and the value phi (t) at t=0 is phi
Impulse
(0)

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Time Scaling

Fig 2.8 Time scaling a signal

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Analog and Digital Communication Systems Fall 2015

Example

43

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Example 2.3 Figure 2.10a and b shows the signals g(t) and z(t),
respectively, Sketch: (a) g(3t); (b) z(t/2).

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Analog and Digital Communication Systems Fall 2015

Time Inversion (Time

Reversal)

2.16

45

Fig 2.11
signal

Time inversion (reflection) of a

Analog and Digital Communication Systems Fall 2015

Example 2.4

46

Analog and Digital Communication Systems Fall 2015

Combinations of Operations
47

Easier to Determine the final signal in

stages
Create intermediary signals in which one
operation is performed
y(t) = g(-2t-1)
V1(t) = g(t-1)
Time
shifting
V2(t) = V1(2t) = g(2t-1)
Time
Scaling
Analog
Digital
Systems Fall 2015
y(t)and=
VCommunication
Time
2(-t) = g(-2t-1)

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Analog and Digital Communication Systems Fall 2015