SEDIMENTARY BASINS OF INDIA,

CATEGORIZATION AND HYDROCARBON

POTENTIAL
BY
N.S.RANA
CG, KDMIPE, ONGC
DEHRADUN

--/--/2013

The Indian scenario of Sedimentary Basins

India is having
vast Onland and
Offshore area
covered with
sedimentary rocks.

(Total: 3.14 million

Sq Km, ie. 4.07% of
the worlds total
sedimentary area)

WHAT IS SEDIMENTARY BASIN ?

Sedimentary basins are Geosynclines,
creating accommodation space for
infilling the sediments.
Sedimentary basins occur in diverse
geological settings usually associated
with plate tectonic activity.

TILL 1960, THE SEDIMENTARY BASINS

WORLD WIDE - EXPLAINED IN TERMS OF
GEOSYNCLINAL THEORY.
WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF PLATE
TECTONICS, UNDERSTANDING ON THE
EVOLUTION OF THE BASINS, THEIR
STRUCTURAL STYLES AND ASSOCIATED
LITHOFACIES HAVE BECOME MUCH
CLEARER.

Sedimentation pattern in half graben set up

Sedimentary Depositional
Environments (Clastics)
The figure shows
schematic
representation
of sedimentary
environments
which can be
grouped as:
Continental
Transitional
Marine

Sedimentary Depositional System in Offshore

Indian Sedimentary Basins

Explored / Unexplored Basin Area

EVOLUTION OF A SEDIMENTARY BASIN

FOUR INDEPENDENT FACTS (DICKINSON, 1976)

GEOMETRIC SHAPE AND SIZE OF THE BASIN

NATURE OF THE SEDIMENTARY FILL
THE STRUCTURAL STYLES
AND THE THERMAL HISTORY

STAGES OF
DEVELOPMENT AND
EVOLUTION OF
HYPOTHETICAL
SEDIMENTARY BASIN

A number of basins

formed in
extensional settings
can undergo
inversion, which has
accounted for a
number of the
economically viable
oil & Gas reserves
on earth.

Sedimentary Basins Of India

Total 26 sedimentary basins have been recognized
and they are divided into four categories based on
their degree of hydrocarbon prospectivity.
The sedimentary basins of India, onland and
shallow offshore, up to the 200m isobath, area is
about 1.79 million sq. km.
In the deep water offshore beyond the 200m
isobath, the sedimentary area has been estimated
about 1.35 million sq. km.
The total area of sedimentary basins in Indian
scenario works out to 3.14 million sq. km.

CATEGORIZATION OF INDIAN SEDIMENTARY

BASINS

Category- I Basin is the petroliferous basins with proved

hydrocarbon reserves and where commercial production has

already started. These basins are: Assam shelf, Tripura, Bombay
offshore, Cambay, Cauvery and Krishna-Godavari Basins.
Category II basin comprises with occurrence of hydrocarbons
but from which no commercial production has been obtained yet.
These basins are: Kutch-Sourashtra & MBA( Mahanadi, Bangal &
Andaman) Basins.
Category III basin comprises with no significant oil & gas shows
but which are considered to be prospective on G&G analysis.
These are mainly todays Frontier basins : Himalayan foreland,
Ganga Basin, Vyndhyan basin etc.
Category IV basin comprises uncertain prospects. It includes
the basins which bear an analogy with hydrocarbon producing
basins in the world. Ie. Deccan Plateau, Cuddapah & Chattisgarh
Syncline etc.

CATEGORY- I

2
6

BASINS WITH COMMERCIAL

HYDROCARBONS PRODUCTION.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

CAMBAY
ASSAM SHELF
BOMBAY OFFSHORE
KRISHNA-GODAVARI
CAUVERY
ASSAM-ARAKAN FOLD BELT
RAJASTHAN

3
4
5

Category-I (Proven Commercial Productivity)

Basin Name
Assam-Arakan

Onland Area

Offshore Area

Total

1,16,000

1,16,000

Cambay

51,000

2,500

53,500

Cauvery

25,000

30,000

55,000

Krishna
Godavari

28,000

24,000

52,000

Mumbai
Offshore

1,16,000

1,16,000

1,26,000

1,26,000

Rajasthan

CATEGORY- II
BASINS WITH KNOWN
ACCUMULATION OF
HYDROCARBON BUT FROM
WHICH NO COMMERCIAL
PRODUCTION.

8. KUTCH
9. MAHANADI
10. ANDAMAN-NICOBAR

Category-II (Identified Prospectivity)

Basin Name

Onland Area

Offshore Area

Total

Kutch

35,000

13,000

48,000

Mahanadi

55,000

14,000

69,000

Andaman
Nicobar

6,000

41,000

47,000

11

CATEGORY-III

14

BASINS GEOLOGICALLY CONSIDERED

PROSPECTIVE WITH HYDROCARBONS.

11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

15

HIMALAYAN FOOTHILLS
GANGA BASIN
VINDHYAN
KUTCH-SAURASHTRA
KERALA-KONKAN-LAKSHWADEEP
BENGAL

Todays frontiers may tomorrows cat. I..

13

12
16

Category-III (Potentially Prospective Basins)

Basin Name
Bengal
Ganga Valley
Himalayan
Foreland
Kerala-Konkan
Lakshdweep
Saurashtra
Vindhyan

Onland Area

Offshore Area

Total

57,000

32,000

89,000

1,86,000

1,86,000

30,000

30,000

94,000

94,000

52,000

28,000

80,000

1,62,000

1,62,000

CATEGORY- IV
BASINS WITH UNCERTAIN PROSPECTS WHICH MAY
BE PROSPECTIVE ON ANALOGY WITH SIMILAR BASIN
IN THE WORLD.

17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.

KAREWA
SPITI- ZANSKAR
SATPURA- SOUTH REWA- DAMODAR
NARMADA
DECCAN SYNECLISE
BHIMA- KALADGI
CUDDAPAH
PRANHITA- GODAVARI
BASTAR
CHATTISGARH

Category-IV (Potentially Prospective )

Basin Name
Bastar
Bhima-Kaladgi

Onland
Offshore
Area
Area
5,000
-

Total
5,000

8,500

8,500

32,000
39,000

32,000
39,000

2,73,000

2,73,000

3,700
17,000

3,700
17,000

15,000

15,000

Satpura-South
Rewa-Damodar

46,000

46,000

Spiti-Zanskar

22,000

22,000

Chattisgarh
Cuddapah
Deccan
Syncline
Karewa
Narmada
PranhitaGodavari

DEEP WATER BASINS

WESTERN OFFSHORE BASIN

Mumbai Offshore and

Kerala Kankan Offshore
In Western offshore basin the
reservoirs are mainly carbonates
and maximum production of oil is
from this basin.

DEEP WATER BASINS

EAST COAST OFFSHORE
BASINS

Cauvery Offshore
KG Offshore and
MBA Offshore
In East cost offshore the
reservoirs are mainly Clastics
and & rich in gaseous
hydrocarbon.

Indian Sedimentary Basins

Deepwater: 1,350,000 Sq.Km

ASSAM AND ASSAM-ARAKAN BASIN

* ASSAM SHELF
* ARAKAN FOLD BELT

WESTERN ONLAND BASIN

Rajsthan Basin
Cambay Basin
Kutch Basin
Saurastra Basin

Rajasthan Basin( Jaisalmer, Bikaner-Nagour and Barmer Basins)

THE RAJASTHAN SHELF IS CARVED OUT

INTO A NUMBER OF BASINS
JAISALMER BASIN
BIKANER-NAGAR BASIN
BARMER BASIN
MAJOR OIL AND GAS FIELDS
GHOTARU, KHARTAR, BANIKA,
BAKHRI TIBBA, SADEWALA TIBBA,
CHINNEWALA TIBBA, MIAJALAR.

THE CAMBAY BASIN :

The Cambay Basin occupies an area of
approximately 54,000 sq.km.
The Cambay Shale is the main source
rock in this basin.

CAMBAY BASIN DIVIDED INTO FIVE TECTONIC

BLOCKS FORM NORTH TO SOUTH:
1. SANCHOR PATAN BLOCK
2. MEHSANA AHMEDABAD BLOCK
3. TARAPUR CAMBAY BLOCK
4. JAMBUSAR BROACH BLOCK
5. NARMADA TAPTI BLOCK

CAMBAY BASIN

MAJOR OIL FIELDS OF CAMBAY BASIN

MEHSANA BLOCK- N. KADI, SANTHAL,
BALOL, SOBHSAN, NANDASAN,
LINCH,
JOTANA, BECHRAJEE, LANGHNAJ, MANSA,
MEWAD etc.
AHMEDABAD BLOCKKALOL, WADU- PALIYAD, NAWAGAM,
NANDEJ, AHMEDABAD, WASNA, JHALORA,
SANAND, LIMBODRA, GAMIJ, ASMALI etc.
ANKLESHWAR BLOCKANKLESHWAR, MOTERA, SISODRA, KIM,
KOSAMBA, GANDHAR, PAKHAJAN, NADA,
DABKA, JAMBUSAR,
PADRA, KARZAN etc.

WESTERN OFFSHORE BASIN

Mumbai Offshore Basin
&
Keraka-Konkan Offshore Basin

BOMBAY OFFSHORE BASIN:

It lies in region of Western continental shelf of India and forms
an important hydrocarbon bearing province.
It is extending from Saurashtra Coast in the North to Vengurla
arch near Goa in the South covering an area of about 1,20,000
sq.km. up to 200 m isobaths.
Tectonically the basin can be subdivided into Surat
depression, Bombay High, Ratnagiri block, Shelf margin
basin and the Shelf-edge basement arc.
Bombay Offshore Basin is producing nearly 70% oil and
gas of Indias total hydrocarbon production. Major
reservoirs are the Carbonates.

WESTERN OFFSHORE BASIN(Mumbai Offshore)

MID MIOCENE

EARLY MIOCENE

LATE OLIGOCENE

EARLY OLIGOCENE

MID-LATE EOCENE

LATE PALEOCENE-EARLY
EOCENE

Prospects in Bombay Offshore Basin

Dry

Gas

Oil

EAST COAST BASINS

CAUVERI Basin
KG-PG Basin
MBA Basin

CAUVERY BASIN
The Cauvery Basin
encompasses an area of
55,000 sq. km.
The basin is subdivided into
six sub-basin:1.Ariyalur Pondicherry
2. Tranquebar
3. Thannjavur
4. Nagapatinam
5. Ramnad Palk Bay
6. Mannar sub-basin.

Ariyalur-Pondicherry sub-basin

Madanam horst
Tranquebar sub-basin

Kumbakonam horst

Karaikal horst

Nagapattinam sub-basin
Tanjore sub-basin

Pattukottai horst
Mandapam horst
Ramnad sub-basin

Bouguer Gravity Anomaly Map of Cauvery Basin

GENERALISED STRATIGRAPHY OF CAUVERY BASIN

Kumbakonam

ridge

Tranquebar sub-basin

Karaikal ridge

Nagapattinam
Sub-basin
Vedaranyam ridge
Pattukottai

10/09/15

ridge

3D view at Basement level showing various structural elements

47

MAJOR OIL AND GAS FIELDS OF CAUVERI BASIN

NARIMANAM,
ADIYAKKAMANGALAM,
NANNILAM,
MATTUR,
KAMLAPURAM,
KUTHANALUR,
TIRVARUR,
KOVILKALAPPAM,
BHUVNAGIRI,
VIJAYAPURAM,
PUNDI,
KUTHALAM,
RAMNAD etc.

KA
ZA
KA
IKA
LU
RH

PL
KMT
PF
AU
LT

TA
NU
KU

HI
G

IL
LI
GR
AB
E

GR
AB
EN

BA
NT
UM

IGH

GU
DI
VA
DA

BA
PA
TL
A

HI
GH

KG-PG Basin

KRISHNA GODAVARI BASIN

The Krishna Godavari Basin is a proven
petroliferous basin of continental margin
located on the east coast of India.
Its onland part covers an area of 28,000 sq.
km and the offshore part covers an area of
25,000 sq. km up to 1000 m isobath.
The basin contains about 7km thick sediments
with several cycles of deposition and H/C
occurrences ranging from PermoTriassic(Gondwana) to Plio-Pleistocene age .

Geological map: KG-PG Basin

30

800 00

820 30

820 00

30

810 00

G E O L O G IC A L & T E C T O N IC M A P O F

K R IS H N A -G O D A V A R I B A S IN
5

170
30

SC A LE
10

30

50km

170
30
Tuni

K h a m m a m p e tt

P o la v a r a m

P it h a p u r a m
C h in ta la p u d i

170
00

R a ja h m u n d r y

J a g g a y y a p e ta

N u z v id

K A K IN A D A

170
00

N u z iv d
E LL O R E

K a ik a lu r

V IJ A Y A W A D A

30

30

S a t t er nn aa pp aa l l el e
G u n tu r

160
00

P a ru c h u ru

A v a n ig a d d a

16
00

N iz a m p a tn a m
A dd anki

30

O n g o le

K S -3

+
30

15
00

P L I O C E N E TO R E C E N T
M IO C E N E TO P L IO C E N E

T R A P W ITH IN T E R T R A P P E A N S /
IN F R A T R A P P E A N S

L O W E R E O C E N E TO P A L A E O C E N E

T IR U P A T H I - P A V A L U R

RA G HAVA PURA M - VEM AVARAM

K a v a li

14
30

A L L U V IU M
RA J AHM UN D RY

L O W E R C R E TA C E O U S
UPPER G O N D W A N A

G O LLA PA LLI - BU D A V A D A

U P P E R J U R A S S IC

C H IN TA L A P U D I

U P P E R P E R M IA N TO
L O W E R T R IA S S IC

TA L C H IR / B A R A K A R

L O W E R P E R M IA N

C U D D A P A H - P A K H A L-S U L L A V A I

P R E C A M B R A IN - E A R L Y P A L A E O Z O I C

M E TA M O R P H IC S ( D h a rw a r s )

A R C H A E A N - P R E C A M B R IA N

N e llo r e

800 00

LO W E R G O N D W A N A

D R A W IN G S E C T IO N
E & D , E B G
SR B C
C H EN N A I

30

810 00

30

820 00

150
00

820 30

140
30

Geological/ Geophysical Surveys:

ONGC has carried out detailed geological mapping in the
area covering 4220 sq. km since 1959.

Gravity-Magnetic surveys, in onland part have been carried out by

ONGC over an area of 19,200 sq. km.
In offshore area, M/s. Prakla Seismos and GSI acquired the gravitymagnetic data for ONGC.
Composite Bouguer gravity & composite magnetic anomaly map

BASIN FILL MAP KRISHNA GODAVARI BASIN

KRISHNA GODAVARI BASIN :

This basin is divided into six sub-basins:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Mandapeta Sub-basin,
West Godavari sub-basin,
East Godavari sub-basin,
Krishna sub-basin,
Nizamapatnam sub-basin
&
6. K.G. Offshore sub-basin:
-shallow offshore,
-deep offshore and
-ultra-deep offshore.

K A K IN A D A
M D

K R IS H N A G O D A V A R I B A S IN
10

10

20KM

EM

M W

YA N A M

G R

PM

K K-1 2

SU

1 -A

EG
TP
M L
PO

EL
RZ
LS

KK

VA

AP

M R

NG

I- A
KZ

M M

I- G

RA

LP

M P

B H IM A V A R A M

LG

A M A LA P U R A M

AC

PS

G M

I- B

M G BN
KP
SI
G S -2 3 -4
G S-2 3 RA V VA
KW

I- F

KV

G S-2 9

G 2

G S-1 5

K G - O S - D W - IV

1 -B
M A

I- E

G S-8

M A S U L IP A T N A M

G 1

I N D E X
O IL

K G - O S - D W - III

G AS

G D -1 -1

RELEA SE D

RAVVA & G O D A VA RI
C LA Y P LA Y
G O D A VA R I C LA Y
(P L IO C E N E ) P L A Y

G S-3 8

R A V V A P LA Y

K G -O S-D W

K G - O S - D W - E X TN .

P E L - P L A Y - K G 1 - A - M A R 0 3

M A TS Y A P U R I /
V A D A PA R U P LA Y

F IE L D N A M E S :

K D -1 -1
AC

A C H A N TA

KV

K E SA V A D A SU PA LE M

M M

M U M M ID I V A R A M

AP

A D IV I P A L E M

KW

K E S A N A P A L L I- W E S T

M W

M A N D A P E TA - W E S T

P A S A R A L A P U D I/
P A L A K O L LU P L A Y

BN

B A N D A M U R U L A N K A - N O R TH

LP

LA N K A P A LE M

NG

N A N D IG A M A

TIR U P A TH I P L A Y

EG

E N U G U PA LLI

LG

L IN G A L A

PS

PA SA R LA PU D I

EL

E L A M A N C H IL L I

LS

LA KSH M A N ESW A R A M

PM

PEN UM A D AM

EM

EN DA M URU

M P

M E D A PA D U

PO

PO N N AM AN AD A

G R

G O KA RN A PURAM

M D

M A N D A P E TA

RA

RAN G APURAM

G M

G O PA V A R A M

M G

M A G A TA P A L L I

RZ

R A ZO LE

KK

K A IK A L U R

M A

M A H A D E V A P A TN A M

SI

S IR I G A TTA P A L L E

KZ

K A ZA

M R

M O RI

SU

S U R Y A R A O P E TA

KP

K E SA N A P A LL I

M L

M U L IK IP A L L I

TP

TA TI P A K A

VA

V A D A LI

RA G H AVA PURA M
P LA Y
K A N U K O LLU P LA Y
N A N D IG A M A P L A Y
G O LLA PA LLI P LA Y
M A N D A P E TA P L A Y
E & D , D R A W IN G S E C TIO N . , S R B C . , C H E N N A I.

Hi
gh
Ka
ik

in
e

Ka
Hi za
gh

Alluvial
Fan

Sh
ch all
an ow
ne m
l
ar

Ba
p

at
la

Hi

gh

Fan
Delta

ula
r

F
po luv
ba in ia
rs t l

Envisaged Depositional Model

The environment of deposition has been envisaged to be fluvial to transitional during

the earlier period of graben formation and transitional to marginal marine during the
later stages. Sands within the syn rift are derived from the rift shoulders, deposited as
basin fan floor complexes, slope fan complexes. Deposited as alluvial fans/ braided
fluvial
fans, prograding as lobes with intervening lacustrine facies. Also, deltaic fan
58
under marginal marine environment.

More than 225 prospects have been probed by drilling of more than
557 exploratory wells. Hydrocarbon accumulations have been
proven in 75 of these prospects (22 oil & 53 gas).
Notable oil discoveries are Kaikalur, Vadali, Mori, Bantumilli,
Lingala, Suryaraopeta, Gopavaram, Kesanapalli, and Kesanapalli
West. The gas discoveries are Adavipalem, Elamanchili, Enugupalli,
Narsapur, Razole, Tatipaka-Kadali, Pasarlapudi, Mandapeta,
Chintalapalli. Nandigama, Endamuru, Penumadam, Ponnamanda,
Achanta, Mullikipalle, Magatapalli, Gokarnapuram,
Kesavadasapalem, Lakshamaneshwaram, Rangapuram and
Sirikattapalli.
In onshore, so far 141 prospects have been probed by 375
exploratory wells by ONGC, out of which 11 oil & gas pools and 31
gas pools have been discovered and most of them are on
production.
In offshore, so far more than 84 prospects have been probed by
182 exploratory wells . Hydrocarbon accumulations have been
proved in 33 of these prospects (11 oil & gas and 22 gas
prospects).

AREATYPERESERVES-

52, 000 Sq.Km (ONLAND- 28,000 & OFFSHOE24,000)

COMPOSITE BASIN
46.22 (O+OEG)

RESOURCES- 1130 MMt

EXPLORATION OBJECTIVES MESOZOIC STRUCTURAL PROSPECTS
ASSOCIATED WITH RIDGES (ONSHORE).
PALEOCENE/ EOCENE CARBONATE BUILD- UP
(OFFSHORE).
ROLLOVER ANTICLINES (OFFSHORE).
EOCENE DELTAIC SEQUENCE ON SHALLOWER
SHELF (OFFSHORE).
MIOCENE DELTAIC SANDS (OFFSHORE).
PLIOCENE PINCHOUTS.

IG

IB

DWN-U-1

Oil

Gas

KG LOCATION MAP WITH DEEP WATER NELP BLOCKS

MEGA TECTONIC MAP OF KG-PG BASIN

81 00'

80 00'

83 00'

82 00'

84 00'

85 00'

SRIKAKULAM

VIJ AYANAGARAM

18
00'

18
00'

3
4

5
3
2

1
3
7

VISAKHAPATNAM
1

Bhadrac halam

4
2

5
3
4
5
4

5
3

KG-OSN -97/1-A-1

3
3

Kot hagudem
1

4
3

1
5
2

KG.D WN .98/5-L-1
5

3
1

7
5

ASP.1

KB-4-1B

7
5
4

KHAMMAM
4
3

11
15
7

15

11

14
14

11
15

13

9
7
7
1

17
00'

11

10

K B.1.1

S a marlakota
12
13

14
K ovvur

17

RAJ AHMUNDRY

00'

14

10

K BS.1.1A

KAKINADA

9
13
7

EM.9
17

13
7

EM.1

RP.1

PA.1

D S.1

15

VM.1

11

VLP.1

GR .1

21
19
20

SLP -1
PNL-1

15
MD -4

KG.D WN .98/4-K-1
N M.1

D KR -1

MW .4
6 MW.1A

TNK.1

N I.1

ELURU

BV-1

MD .1
MD .10

KKD.1

N DV.1

MD V.1

KMP.1

MVD -1

15

GPM.1

GS.17.1

MW.8

MW-9
KT-3

KI.1
KK.19

GJP .1

VIJAYAWADA

15
14

11
KK .5
D P.1
LG.11
LG.1
LLP.1
KK.16
K NK.1
KK.4
VD .1
KK.3 VND .1
GRZ.1

VV-2 VV-1

PR-2

VN K.1

C PK.1

2
BT.1

BT.3
LK.1

NS.5

TU-1
MAI.1

NMK.2

14

N G.1

MK.1
KZ.3

MODI.1
W M.2
KV.1
VMD .1
WM.1
KV-7

GS.22.1
GS.10.1
GS.8.1

22A.1

50.1

23.3

GS.49-2

GS.37.1

SM.1
GS.15.E.1

GS.20.1

G.1.2

2
6

G.4.1

G.4.3

G.4.2
DWN-D-1

GS.29.5

31
DWN -M-1

GS.1.1

G.3.1

GS.2.1A
G.2.4

G.2.1
D WN- P-1

DWN-A-1

G.1.3
DWN-Q-1

DWN-R-1
Annapurna-2

G.1.11

GS.5.1
VA-1A
MAC HI LIPATNAM

GS.11.1
GS.12.1
MB.1.2
MB.1.1
G.13.1

VA-2
VA-3
D WN-U-1

G.5.1

GS.25.1

16
00'

G.4.4

12
8

GS.19.1

KZ.1

GS.29.2
GS.29.1
R.25
R .24

G.1.1
G.1.9

K Z.2

LM.1

KA.1

22B.1

N G-6

T en ali

MR .1

GS.49.1

AKP .1
BML.1

KP.1
27
A P.1
15.8
4 KW.1
15.10
43.1
23.1
GSKW .1
46.1
23.2 GS.15.1
GS.21.1
15.6
15- 9
15.2

C P.8
SKP.1

PR P.1

PT .1

N G.5
MP.1

MG.1 SI.1
PO.1

CP.1

MY.1

N G.2

GUNTUR

LP.1

EL.1
R Z.6

EL.6

YS.4.1
YS.1.1

KM.1
KC .1

BMP.1
N U.1
PS.14
AB.1
VD P.1
RA .1A
SR-4
EP.1A R A.2
A D.1
29 SR.1
MN .1 VNT.1 5
A MP.1
24
PS.1
SR-2 GM.1
GM.5
D G.1
SSY.1
TP.1
BN .1
J NL.1

PLK.1
MPD .1

PKP.1
SRP.1

BT.5

PV.1
PAL.1
KTL.1

IP.1

AC .1
PM.1
PM.2

SN .1

PR .1A

AGL.1

SU.2

KK.12

KT .1

MA.1
MA.2
SU .1
3
GN .1

MM.1

PKR .1

MA.3
AK .1
SV.1

KG-DWN -98/4-A-1

KMG.1

GD-2-1

16
00'

GD .1.1
GD- 5-1
MPL.1

GD- 6-1

Bapat la

Nizam patnam

GD-3-1

PD P.1

DWN-W-1

BD P.1

B BK.1

GS.3.2

OUTCROP LEGEND

GS.3.1
9

GS .14.1

FORMATION

GS.38.1
GS.39.1

GS.41.1

15 ALLUVIUM
14 RAJ AHMUNDRY SA NDSTONE
13 TRAP WITH INTER TRAPPEANS
12 INFRATRAP PEAN
11 TIRUPATHI SANDSTONE
10 RAGHAVAPURAM SHALE

KD - 1-3
KD.1.1
KD .2.1

K D.4.1

O NGOLE
KS-3-1

9 GOLLAPALLI S ANDSTONE
8 MALERI
7 UPP ER KAMTHI/CHINTALAPUDI
6 MIDDLE KAMTHI
5 LOWER KA MTHI
4 BARAKAR

KD-3-1A

KR I-1-1

Fig - 2.3

AGE

3 TALCHIR
2 PAKHAL
1 ARCHAEAN

P LEISTOCENE TO HOLOCENE
MIOCE NE TO PLIOCENE
P ALEOCENE TO EARLY EOCENE
E ARLY PALEOCENE
UPPER CRETACEOUS
LOWER CRETACEOUS
LATE JURASSIC TO EARLY CRE TACEOUS
MIDDLE TO UPPER TRIASSIC
LOWER TRIASSIC TO UPPE R PERMIAN
-do-doP ERMIAN
UPPER CARBONIFEROUS TO LOWER PERMIAN
LOWER PROTEROZOIC
E ARLY PRECAMBRIAN

14

98/2-UD-1

14

LEGEND

KS-4-1

15
00'

OUT CROPS

MEGA TECTONIC ELEMENTS

KG - PG BASIN

CROSS TREND
MAJOR FAULT AT BASEMENT LEVEL

PROJECT : PS C UBE, April 2007

DRY
OIL
GAS
80 00'

81 00'

82 00'

83 00'

84 00'

85 00'

SC ALE :
5

10

20 Km.

By :
R J Michael, Ass t.D wg.Officer

15
00'

MBA Basins
The Mahanadi Basin is
located on the eastern
sea board of India and
covers the coastal
districts of Orissa State
and adjoining offshore
areas in Bay of Bengal. In
the land part, it covers an
area of about 55,000
Sq.Km. Its boundaries in
the north, west, and
south are marked by
outcrops of Precambrian
rocks and in the east the
basin extends into Bay of
Bengal, having an area of
about 14000 Sq.Km.

MAHANADI MAP WITH NELP BLOCKS

Bangal Onland Basin

Bangal Offshore Basin

Andaman Offshore Basin

Hydrocarbon
Potential &
Prospectivity of
sedimentary Basins

What is a Prospect ?

Independent accumulation of oil, gas,

oil & gas pools in a sedimentary basin

There could be several prospects in

sedimentary basin

Size of prospect very from few sq km to

thousands of sq km.

Prospects Identification

To identify the possible hydrocarbon

locales/area through Integrated
Interpretation of multi-disciplinary
data (Geological and Geophysical
data)

Types of Prospects:
Oil prospect
Gas prospect
Oil & Gas prospect

Geological Aspects: Prospect Analysis

Source Rock Evaluation
Presence of Reservoir Rocks
Presence of Cap rock or Seals
Traps ( Structural / Stratigraphic)
H/C charges and Timing

REQUIREMENTS FOR HYDROCARBON

ACCUMULATION
In a basin there must be adequate thickness of
sediments.
There must be adequate organic material trapped in
those sediments. There should be conditions of burial
and favourable temperature long enough for generation
of oil.

Once oil is generated it migrates out of the source

rocks. There should be adequate reservoir rocks for
holding this oil.

There should be adequate sealing above reservoir

rocks to form traps.

Source Rock
Rocks that contain
sufficient amount of
Kerogen are called Source
Rock
When a source rock starts
generating oil and gas then
it is said to be mature.

When the Kerogen is further

heated with time, the chains
of HC break away from the
Kerogen and form waxy and
viscous crude oil.

Source Rock Evaluation

Total quantity of organic matter

Type of organic matter

Maturity of organic matter

Generative capacity of the basin

Reservoir Rocks:
The essential element of petroleum
accumulation is Reservoir and essential
features of a reservoir rock is Porosity
i.e its ability to store fluid.
Sandstones: 59%
Carbonates: 40% &
Other fractured rocks: 1%

RESERVOIR ROCKS
A rock with enough porosity to be capable of storing economic
quantities of petroleum, and enough permeability to transmit flow
of hydrocarbons.

POROSITY :
The total sum of opening or voids that occur within a
rock. Usually expressed as a decimal percent.
Porosity is denoted by phi () and is given by the
equation
= Bulk Volume Grain Volume x 100
Bulk Volume
EFFECTIVE POROSITY :
Porosity that is available for storage of fluids.

What is good porosity?

0-5% - Negligible
5-10% - Poor
10-15% - Fair
15-20% - Good
>20% - Very good

Practical cut off for oil

Sandstone ~8%
Limestone ~5%
For gas the cut off is lower

Cap Rocks
The cap/seal rocks have pore throats
too small and poorly connected to allow
the passage of hydrocarbons.
The geographical extent of seal rocks
defines the effective limits of the
Petroleum system.

Traps

Traps are the geometric arrangement in which

petroleum accumulation takes place.

Petroleum expelled from an active source

rock (Primary migration) migrate along a fault
plane or a permeable carrier bed (secondary
migration to a porous reservoir rock) capped
or surrounded by a comparatively impervious
seal that together form a trap.

Prospect types:

Structural prospect (Structural

Entrapment )

Stratigraphic Prospect (Entrapment

is stratigraphic)

Stati-structural prospect
(Entrapment combination of structural &
stratigraphic)

ANTICLINAL TRAP SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF OIL, GAS AND WATER

Structural Prospect: Fault Trap

Structural Prospect: Salt Dome

Stratigraphic Prospect:

Stratigraphic Prospect:

Stratigraphic Prospect:
Diagenetic
traps:
This area more
common in carbonate
reservoirs which are
more easily affected
by cementation,
dissolution and
dolomitization. These
post-depositional
processes lead to a
lateral change in
reservoir quality to
acts as the trapping
mechanism

Structural Prospect: Fold Trap

Oil & Gas accumulations are governed by an intricate

mechanism of generation, migration and entrapment with
uniquely subjective boundary conditions that are not so
exacting

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