Female

Hormone
Reproduction
Makassar, 24 April 2007

Battle of the sexes!!!

Are males and
females all that
different?
Well..
Yes
And
No!

Anatomy

Male

Female

Similarities
2 pouches
Testicles
Ovaries

Start out inside body

Testicles descend before birth

Fetus begins with starter parts that could

develop into either gender.

Around 7th Week

Babys body is told by DNA to become
either male or female.
Unused parts disintegrate
Used parts continue development

Male or Female???

DNA determines babys gender

XX = Female
XY = Male
Depends on which egg & sperm get
together.
Father determines babys gender.

Anatomy similarities
Function VERY different!
Male
Uncomplicated
Produce sperm
2-4 MILLION every day

Female

Very Complicated!
One egg
Once a month
Careful coordination of
hormones & body
Timing perfect!

1. Ovary where eggs are stored

and mature
2.

when eggs are released by

ovaries at ovulation, they are
swept into the oviducts where
fertilization occurs

3. Uterus egg (or zygote, if its

fertilized) arrives from the
oviduct.
Here it either implants (if
fertilized) in the endometrium,
or is released along with part of
the uterine wall in menstruation,

 Oogenesis
Most of the process occurs within the ovaries
Lifetime supply of primary oocytes is present at
birth
One primary oocyte matures each month to form
a secondary oocyte
If the secondary oocyte is fertilized, it completes
meiosis and becomes a haploid ovum

Diploid cell

In embryo

Differentiation and
onset of MEIOSIS I
PRIMARY OOCYTE,
arrested in prophase
of MEIOSIS I

Present at birth

Completion of MEIOSIS I
and onset of MEIOSIS II
SECONDARY OOCYTE,
arrested at metaphase
of MEIOSIS II;
released from ovary

First
polar body

Entry of sperm triggers

completion of MEIOSIS II

OVUM
(haploid)

Second
polar body
Figure 27.4B

 Development of an ovarian follicle

Degenerating
corpus luteum

Start:

PRIMARY OOCYTE
within follicle

CORPUS LUTEUM

Growing
follicles

Mature follicle
SECONDARY
OOCYTE

Ovary
OVULATION

Ruptured follicle

Figure 27.4C

Hormones synchronize cyclical

changes in the ovary and uterus

Table 27.5

(1)

Inhibited by combination
of estrogen and
progesterone

CONTROL BY HYPOTHALAMUS
Hypothalamus

Stimulated by high
levels of estrogen

Releasing
hormone
Anterior pituitary
FSH

(2)

LH

PITUITARY HORMONES
IN BLOOD

LH peak triggers
ovulation and
corpus luteum
formation

LH
FSH
FSH

LH

Figure 27.5

What is the Menstrual Cycle?

Controlled by hormones

Lasts about one month

the egg develops and is released from the ovary, and

the uterus is prepared to receive the fertilized egg

There are four stages to the menstrual cycle, the arrival of

which are governed by the complex interactions of many
hormones

What is the Menstrual Cycle?

Stage 1: Follicle Stage

day 1 10
Follicle Stimulating Hormone causes a
follicle (an egg surrounded by a layer of
helper cells) to mature
Estrogen causes the lining of the uterus to
thicken in preparation for receiving a fertilized
(maybe) egg.

Stage 1: Follicle Stage

Produksi estrogen oleh folikel meningkat
Sekresi FSH menurun, tetapi sekresi LH
terangsang dengan adanya produksi
estrogen
Pelepasan GnRH oleh Hipotalamus
meningkat seiring sekresi estrogen

Stage 2: Ovulation
day 11 14
Luteinizing Hormone is released by the
pituitary gland causing the follicle to
rupture
the egg is released into the fallopian tubes

Stage 3: Corpus Luteum Stage

after the egg is released into the fallopian tubes
and begins its journey to the uterus, the ruptured
follicle changes into a mass of yellow cells
which is given the name Corpus Luteum (Latin
for yellow body).
The corpus luteum releases progesterone
which causes the final development of the
uterine tissue, preparing it to receive the fertilized
(maybe) egg.

Stage 3: Corpus Luteum Stage

Ditandai dengan meningkatnya produksi
progesteron dan estrogen yang mengakibatkan
turunnya kadar LH/FSH secara perlahan-lahan
Meningkatnya hormon-hormon ini disebabkan
oleh adanya corpus luteum yang terbentuk
setelah folikel graaf melepaskan ovumnya
Jika tidak dibuahi, maka corpus luteum
mengalami penghancuran pada 4 hari sebelum
menses berikutnya dan berubah menjadi corpus
albicans

Stage 4: Menstruation
day 21 28
if fertilization does not occur, the egg will pass through the
uterus, and the corpus luteum will begin to break down.
Levels of estrogen and progesterone hormones decrease
causing the lining of the uterus to break free from the
uterine wall.
This tissue, along with the egg and some blood leaves the
body through the vagina

(3) OVARIAN CYCLE

Growing
follicle

Mature
follicle

Ovulation

Corpus
luteum

Degenerating
corpus
luteum

Post-ovulatory phase

Pre-ovulatory phase

Progesterone
and estrogen

Estrogen

(4) OVARIAN HORMONES

IN BLOOD

Estrogen
Progesterone
Progesterone
and estrogen

Estrogen

(5) MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Endometrium

Menstruation

Days

Figure 27.5 (continued)

If fertilized
Zygote begins to divide as it travels
through oviduct
Implants into lining of uterus

If not fertilized
Egg travels through oviduct to uterus
Exits body with blood and tissues during
menstruation

Conception/Fertilization

Conception/Fertilization
Ejaculation
Release of 300-500 million sperm

Egg needs to be in oviduct

Sperm to egg, not an easy task
Go wrong direction : 2 paths only 1 leads to
an egg
Get attacked by females white blood cells
Acidic environment

Hormon yang berperan selama

kehamilan
Hormone
Human chorionic gonadotropin

Estrogens (also secreted by the corpus luteum of

the pregnancy)
Progesterone (also secreted by the corpus
luteum of the pregnancy)

Human chorionic somatomammotropin

Relaxin (also secreted by the corpus luteum of

the pregnancy)

Function
Maintains the corpus luteum of pregnancy
Stimulates secretion of testosterone by the
developing testes in XY embryo
Stimulates growth of the myometrium, increasing
uterine strength for parturition
Helps prepare the mammary glands for lactation
Suppresses uterine contraction to provide a quiet
environment for the fetus
Promotes formation of cervical mucus plug to
prevent uterine contamination
Helps prepare the mammary glands for lactation
Helps prepare the mammary glands for lactation
Believed to reduce maternal utilization of glucose
so that greater amount of glucose might be
shunted into the fetus
Soften the cervix in preparation for cervical
dilation at parturition
Loosen the connective tissue between the pelvic
bones in preparation for parturition

Prolactin
Ditemukan pada wanita yang mengalami
menstruasi, terbanyak pada urine wanita
hamil, masa laktasi dan post menopause
Kelebihan hormon ini menyebabkan
gangguan pada ovulasi
Sekresi prolactin pada wanita tidak
menunjukkan perubahan siklus
menstruasi (beda dengan gonadotropin)

Berdasarkan hasil penelitian

Sesaat sebelum ovulasi dan pada saat
fase lutheal
Kadar prolactin sedikit meningkat,
tapi tidak berarti
Penentuan hari pemeriksaan tidak
menjadi masalah, namun sebaiknya:
Dilakukan pada pagi hari
Puasa minimal 3 jam sebelumnya
Tidak dalam keadaan stress

Once egg is located

Dissolve protective goo surrounding egg
One gets through enters egg
Instant biochemical change in zygote
No more sperm allowed in

Zygote begins development

Time Lapse Deve

lopment

Implants in uterine lining

Endometrium= outer lining of uterus
Becomes placenta

Uses mothers nutrients

Continues development

Fetal Development
Anmion
Membrane surrounding baby
Contains amniotic fluid
Breaks just before birth = water broke

Amniotic Fluid
The water surrounding baby
Buoyant cradle for baby
Protection
Free movement

Fetal Dev (contd)

Umbilical Cord
Blood vessels from placenta to baby
Moms & babys blood do not circulate
together!
Can have 2 different blood types
Diffusion

Birth
Labor muscles used to open cervix
Baby flips upside down
Head first!
Feet first = Breech (bad)
Cesarian Section (C-section) surgical removal
of baby

After baby is born mom delivers

placenta (afterbirth) that detaches
from uterus

The role and control of hormones

involved in breast development
and lactation

Pregnancy
Prolactin and
placental lactogen

Breast devt
Milk production

inhibition

Estrogen and progesterone

After birth
Inhibition of hLH
And hFSH

Hypothalamus
Pituitary Oxytocin
Suckling
ProlactinMilk production

Evaluasi infertilitas
Sejarah penderita:

Kehidupan seksual
Keluarga
Fungsi reproduksi partner
Pemeriksaan fisik:
Umum
Neurologik
Uji genital
Pemeriksaan laboratorium

Evaluasi infertilitas
Progesterone
High (> 30nmol/l): patient ovulating; look for other causes of infertility
Low

Prolactin
FSH
LH

High (>500miu/l): hyperprolactinemia

High (>30iu/l): Primary ovarian failure
High (>15 iu/l): Check if pregnant; LH but not
FSH high suggest PCOS

Low or normal
Estrogen status
Androgens
Estradiol
17-hydroxyprogesterone