For saving the Eco-system.

VINEETH.M.R
1KS06ME070
K.S.INSTITUE OF TECHNOLOGY
RAGHUVANAHALLI, BANGALORE-62 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 1
 Biofuels are a wide range of fuels which are in some way
derived from biomass. The term covers solid biomass, liquid
fuels and various biogases.

 Biofuels are gaining increased public and scientific attention,

driven by factors such as oil price spikes and the need for
increased energy security.

 Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting the sugar

components of plant materials and it is made mostly from
sugar and starch crops. With advanced technology being
developed, cellulosic biomass, such as trees and grasses, are
also used as feedstocks for ethanol production.

 Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but
it is usually used as a gasoline additive to increase octane and
improve vehicle emissions. Bioethanol is widely used in the
USA and in Brazil.

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 Biodiesel is a type of biofuel made from vegetable oils, animal
fats or recycled greases. Biodiesel can be used as a fuel for
vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a diesel
additive to reduce levels of particulates, carbon monoxide, and
hydrocarbons from diesel-powered vehicles.

 Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterification

and is the most common biofuel in Europe.

 Biofuels provided 1.8% of the world's transport fuel in 2008.

Investment into biofuels production capacity exceeded $4 billion
worldwide in 2007 and is growing.

 As the global population has risen their use in producing biofuels

has been criticized for diverting food away from the human food
chain, leading to food shortages and price rises.

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 Top speed of 400kmp
Koenigegg-one of the many bio fuel Longitivity
powered car. of 600 km/tank

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 Sao Paulo ethanol pump station
Cost for a liter of ethanol is
$1.20 BRL which is around 31 Rs.

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 Is the process enabled by fossil fuels?

 Does the process impact food supplies?

 Can the process operate without straining water supplies?

 Does the process lower the soil quality?

 Does the process impact local biodiversity?

 What are the emissions from the process?

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 'First-generation biofuels' are biofuels made from sugar,
starch, vegetable oil, or animal fats using conventional
technology.

 Rudolf Diesel was interested in using coal dust or vegetable

oil as fuel, and his engine, in fact, it was run on peanut oil.
Henry Ford also used ethanol as the powering fuel for his
locomotives initially.

 Although these fuels were not immediately popular, during

2008 rises in fuel prices coupled with concerns about oil
reserves have led to more widespread use of biofuels.

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bbl

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 Oil Price Behavior with
The Next 5 Years?
Constant Excess Capacity

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 Even dry ethanol has roughly one-third lower energy content
per unit of volume compared to gasoline, so larger / heavier
fuel tanks are required to travel the same distance, or more
fuel stops are required. With large current un-sustainable, non-
scalable subsidies, ethanol fuel still costs much more per
distance traveled than current high gasoline prices but the
utility here needs to be accounted.

 Methanol is currently produced from natural gas, a non-

renewable fossil fuel. It can also be produced from biomass as
biomethanol.

 Butanol is formed by ABE fermentation. Butanol will produce

more energy and allegedly can be burned "straight" in existing
gasoline engines (without modification to the engine or
car),and is less corrosive and less water soluble than ethanol,
and could be distributed via existing infrastructures.

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 The grass stretched as far as the eye could see, an ocean of
grass
deep enough to swallow a horse and rider once looked like this.
The tall, native grasses of the American prairie, so vital to our
land's ecological past, may prove equally vital to its economic
future. Such grasses once fed millions of bison.
Now grown as energy crops, they help fuel
millions of cars and trucks, spin power turbines,
and supply chemicals to American industries.
Test plots of switch grass have produced up to 15 tons of dry biomass per
acre, and five- year yields average 11.5 tons—enough to make 1,150
gallons of ethanol per acre each year.

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 It grows fast, capturing lots of solar energy and turning it into
lots of chemical energy— cellulose—that can be liquefied,
gasified, or burned directly.

 It also reaches deep into the soil for water, and uses the water
it finds very efficiently.

 Switch grass is remarkably adaptable to varying climates and

growing conditions.

 Now, to make switch grass even more promising, researchers

across the country are working to boost switch grass hardiness
and yields by varying DNA and physiological characteristics of
numerous breeding varieties.

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 Emit CO2
2 OC br os b A

Feedstocks take up CO2 when they grow then CO2 is emitted when
feedstocks burned or when energy derivatives burned.

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 Many farmers already grow switch grass, either as forage for
livestock or as a ground cover, to control erosion.

 It's a hardy, adaptable perennial, so once it's established in a

field, it can be harvested as a cash crop.

 Switch grass could yield a variety of useful fuels like synthetic

gasoline and diesel fuel, methanol, methane gas, even hydrogen
as well as chemical by-products useful for making fertilizers,
solvents, and plastics.

 Annual cultivation of many agricultural crops depletes the soil's

organic matter, steadily reducing fertility. Switch grass adds
organic matter to the soil.

 And because switch grass removes carbon dioxide (CO2 ) from the
air as it grows, it has the potential to slow the buildup of this
greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.

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 Giant Grass Miscanthus Can Meet US Biofuels Goal Using
Less Land Than Corn Or Switch grass.

 Miscanthus is that the amount of biomass

generated each year would allow us to
produce about 2 1/2 times the amount of
ethanol we can produce per acre of corn.

 It requires fewer chemical and mechanical

inputs than corn.

 It is said that 0.1 percent conversion of sunlight into

biomass is very efficient. Here on an average Miscanthus
gives about 1 percent efficiency, so about 1 percent of
sunlight ends up as biomass.

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 “As a result [of ethanol], Brazil has virtually stopped
importing expensive foreign oil.” – Dan Rather in The
Ethanol Solution

 “If Brazil can do it, so can we.” – Bill Clinton

 “As Brazil's ‘energy independence miracle’ proves, an

aggressive strategy of investing in petroleum substitutes
like ethanol can end dependence on imported oil.” – Vinod
Khosla in New York Times editorial

 Brazil celebrated energy independence in 2006.

2006

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 Leaders mislead the public
 “We can be just like Brazil”
 Can create demand for a pseudo-sustainable solution
 Leaders change energy policy every year
 Uncertainty of tax policies inhibits investment
 Lack of long-term planning is detrimental
 Leaders attempt to choose technology winners
 Which is influenced by:
 Misleading arguments from various ‘experts’
 Vested interests
 Desire to please constituents

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 Cease the delusions of ‘cheap gas for everyone’
 Cheap gas encourages fossil fuel consumption

 Trade off fossil fuel taxes for income taxes

 Rebate income taxes to make it revenue neutral
 Encourages energy conservation
 Encourages alternatives
 Encourages mass transit

 Encourage behaviors that reduce energy consumption

 Rebates for solar water heaters, fuel efficient cars

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 An Overview of Global Energy Issues by Robert Rapier
Merica International.
 Linking Biofuel Supply and Demand using the FASOMGHG
model by Bruce A. McCarl.
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel
 http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/papers/misc/switgrs.html
 http://www.biofuels-summit.com/pdf/BFU_Final.pdf
 http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/0807301553
44.htm

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