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Example
Sea water often reacts with the formation water in offshore fields to
produce
barium, calcium, and strontium sulfate deposits, which hinder oil
production. In
some fields, CaCO3 is a major problem.
In some regions, the formation water chemistry varies considerably
(Duccini
et al., 1997). For example, in the Central North Sea Province, levels
of barium
ions vary from a few mgl1 to gl1, and the pH varies from 4.4 to
7.5; a pH
as high as 11.7 has been measured. In the southern region of the
North Sea, the
waters have a high salinity and are rich in sulfate and acidic
compounds.
Importance of Scale
prevention
Scale prevention is important to
ensure continuous production from
existing reserves that produce brine.
Wells can be abandoned prematurely
because of poor management of
scale.
Adsorption effects
MATHEMATICAL MODELS
References
An Introduction to Scaling
causes, problems and solutions
Margrethe Nergaard Chriss Grimholt
Trondheim, november 2010
Term