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MENG 4662
Mohy S. Mansour
Professor,
Mechanical Engineering Department
AUC
Power Plant
POWER CYCLES
Types
Power Plant
POWER CYCLES
Heat Engines
Efficiency
= Power/Heat added
TH
QoA
Heat
Engine
QoR
5
Heat Added
Wo
Power
Heat Rejected
TL
Reversed Cycle
Coefficient
of Performance = Heat/Power
TH
QoH
Refrigerator
or
Heat Pump
QoL
6
Heat Rejected
Wo
Power
Heat Absorbed
TL
Heat Engines
External Combustion
Engines
Steam Power
Plant
Rankine Cycle
Internal Combustion
Engines
Rotary
Gas
Turbine
Brayton
Cycle
Wankel
Engine
Reciprocating
Petrol,
SI
Diesel,
CI
Otto
Cycle
Diesel
Cycle
Dual
Cycle
Rankine Cycle
Steam,
mo
Turbine
mo
Steam
Generator
Boiler
Heat Added,
Qo B
Turbine
Power
WoT
mo
Water, mo
Pump
Condenser
mo
Heat
Rejected,
QoC
Steam,
mo
mo
Turbine
Turbine
Power
WoT
Steam
Generator
Boiler
Rankine Cycle
Water, mo
Pump
Cycle
Pump 1-2:
Adiabatic + Reversible = Isentropic
Boiler 2-3:
Constant Pressure Heat Added
Turbine 3-4:
Adiabatic + Reversible = Isentropic
Condenser 4-1:
Constant Pressure Heat Rejected
Condenser
m
Heat
Added,
QoB
mo
Pump Power,
WoP
Heat
Rejected, QoC
T
3
PB
2
PC
1
4
S
Steam,
mo
mo
Turbine
Turbine
Power
WoT
Steam
Generator
Boiler
Rankine Cycle
Water, mo
Pump
Condenser
o
Cycle Analysis:
1
Pump Power,
W
Pump 1-2
Water enters the pump at state 1 as saturated liquid and is
compressed isentropically to the operating pressure of the
boiler.
The pump follows the SSSF process, then
10
Heat
Added,
QoB
mo
o
P
Heat
Rejected, QoC
Steam,
mo
mo
Turbine
Turbine
Power
WoT
Steam
Generator
Boiler
Rankine Cycle
Water, mo
Pump
Heat
Added,
QoB
11
Condenser
m
Cycle Analysis:
1
Pump Power,
W
Pump 1-2
Q = 0 and kinetic and potential energies are neglected, then
0 - W = m { (h 2 h1 ) + 0 + 0)}
Heat
Rejected, QoC
o
P
WP = m (h 1 h2 )
wP = h 1 h2
kW
kJ/kg
v constant (Incompressible)
mo
Steam,
mo
mo
Turbine
Power
Turbine
WoT
Steam
Generator
Boiler
Rankine Cycle
Water, mo
Pump
12
Heat
Added,
QoB
mo
Condenser
m
Heat
Cycle Analysis:
1 Rejected, Q
Pump Power,
W
Boiler (Steam Generator) 2-3
Water enters the boiler as compressed liquid at state 2 and
leaves as saturated or superheated vapor at state 3. The boiler
follows the SSSF process, then
QB - W = m { (h 3 h2 ) + (V32 V22) /2 + g(Z3 - Z2)}
o
P
kW
kJ/kg
o
C
Steam,
mo
mo
Turbine
Power
Turbine
WoT
Steam
Generator
Boiler
Rankine Cycle
Water, mo
Pump
13
Heat
Added,
QoB
mo
Condenser
m
Heat
Cycle Analysis:
1 Rejected, Q
Pump Power,
W
Turbine 3-4
The superheated vapor at state 3 enters the turbine, where it
expands isentropically and produces work by rotating the shaft
connected to an electric generator. The turbine follows the
SSSF process, then
Q - WT = m { (h 4 h3 ) + (V42 V32) /2 + g(Z4 - Z3)}
o
P
WT = m (h 3 h4 )
wT = h 3 h4
kW
kJ/kg
o
C
Steam,
mo
mo
Turbine
Turbine
Power
WoT
Steam
Generator
Boiler
Rankine Cycle
Water, mo
Pump
14
Heat
Added,
QoB
mo
Condenser
m
Cycle Analysis:
1
Pump Power,
W
Condenser 4-1
Steam is condensed at constant pressure in the condenser,
The condenser follows the SSSF process, then
QC - W = m { (h 1 h4 ) + (V12 V42) /2 + g(Z1 - Z4)}
Heat
Rejected, QoC
o
P
kW
kJ/kg
Steam,
mo
mo
Turbine
Turbine
Power
WoT
Steam
Generator
Boiler
Rankine Cycle
Water, mo
Pump
Pump Power,
WoP
s 3 = s4
15
Condenser
o
Heat
Added,
QoB
Calculation of h4
mo
Heat
Rejected, QoC
Steam,
mo
mo
Turbine
Turbine
Power
WoT
Steam
Generator
Boiler
Rankine Cycle
Water, mo
Pump
Condenser
m
Cycle Efficiency:
Calculation of cycle efficiency
WT W p
W net
( h3 h4 ) ( h2 h1 )
R
QB
QB
h3 h2
Similarly:
(h 4 h 1 ) (h 3 h 2 ) (h 4 h 1 )
R 1
1
QB
(h 3 h 2 )
h 3 h 2
Rearranging the expression:
16
Heat
Added,
QoB
QC
(h 3 h 4 ) (h 2 h1 )
R
h3 h2
mo
Pump Power,
WoP
Heat
Rejected, QoC
Example 9.1
17
Example 9.1
Boiler:
P2 and h2 are known; P3 is known, saturated vapor
First law:
qB = h3 h2
qB = h3 h2 = 2799.5 193.8 = 2605.7 kJ/kg
18
Turbine:
State 3 is known (above), P4 is known.
First law:
wT = h3 h4
Second law:
s 3 = s4
The quality at state 4 is obtained as follow:
s3 =s4 = 6.3409 = 0.6493 + x4 7.5009,
x4 = 0.7588
h4 = 191.8 + 0.7588(2392.8) = 2007.5 kJ/kg
wT = 2799.5 2007.5 = 792.0 kJ/kg
Example 9.1
Condenser:
State 4 is known (above).
State 1 is known (above).
First law:
qc = h4 h1
19
( h3 h4 ) ( h2 h1 ) 792 2
30.32%
h3 h2
2605.7
20
wnet
W net m wnet
The units of SSC are converted from (kg / kJ) to (kg / kWhr).
Then:
1
SSC
kg / kWhr 3600 s / hr
w net
3600
SSC
w net
kg / kWhr
21
QF = mF x HHV
22
QB
o
QF
m (h 3 h 2 )
o
mF
HHV
The units of the SFC are usually converted from (kg / kJ) to
(gm/kWhr). Then:
23
SFC
mF
kg / kJ 1000 g / kg 3600 s / hr
m wnet
o
SFC
mF
o
m wnet
3.6 106
gm / kWhr
The steam in the condenser rejects heat to cooling water. Thus the
condenser is considered as a heat exchanger and the heat rejected by
the steam equals the heat absorbed by the cooling water. So,
o
o
Q C Q c. w
o
where Q c.w is the rate of heat absorbed by the cooling water. If the
mass flow rate of the cooling water is and its temperature rises from
Twi to Two , then
o
Q c.w m c.w (h wo h wi )
o
24
Q C Q c. w
25
The cooling water flow rate is about 50 times the steam flow rate.
C.P.
2
2
2'
1'
26
4
4'
p4
p4'
x 4' x
2'
2
1
b
4'
4
a
27
3'
Effect of Superheating
T
PB
2
PC
1
4
S
28
29
th
Condenser press.
Boiler press.
Superheating
Condenser press.
Boiler press.
Superheating
30
Rankine
31
Efficiency
R
Increasing
WT W p
QB
Increase
Turbine work
T
PB
T
PB
2
1
PC
4 4
1
S
32
This
5
4
2
PC
is Called Reheat
6
S
T
PB
5
4
Reheat
PC
6
S
Mohy Mansour - AUC
5
4
HP
T
LP
T
Boil
er
Conden
ser
1
33
HPT:
High
Pressur
LPT:
Low
Pressur
Pum
p
34
Decrease
Regeneration
35
Regeneration
36
37
38
39
LP
T
HP
T
6
Boil
er
Process
Heat
8
Conden
ser
40
HPT:
High
Pressur
LPT:
Low
Pressur
Pum
p
Brayton Cycle
C
1
Fresh
air
41
combustion
chamber
W
net
T
4
Exhaust
gases
Brayton Cycle
T
1
42
(Heat sink)
Wnet
Brayton Cycle
Turbine
W
Comp.
Q
R
43
Brayton Cycle
44
CYCLE ANALYSIS
Process 1-2 Isentropic compression in Compressor
Then
the second law s2 = s1
and
1
(10.1)
P
T
T1
P1
2
rp
(-) ve
Brayton Cycle
45
and
T3
T4
P3
P4
(+)ve
rp (10.2)
Brayton Cycle
P4 = P1
46
Net Work:
wnet = wT wC = qnet = qA qR
(-) ve
Brayton Cycle
Thermal Efficiency, th
c p (T4 T1 )
QR
Wnet
th
1
1
QA
QA
c p (T3 T2 )
From
T2 T3
T1 T4
47
T4 T3
T1 T2
T1 (T4 / T1 1)
T2 (T3 / T2 1)
th
T1
1
T2
Brayton Cycle
48
Thermal Efficiency, th
th
1
r
p
Brayton Cycle
Effect
power
T
Tmax
c
P=c
Tmin
49
P=c
Brayton Cycle
Effect
power
50
net
th
C
net,max
rp,max
rp
rp,max
rp
51
52
53
QA1
Compressor
54
QA2
3
4
5
Wnet
Turbine1
Turbine2
4
6
2
55
Temperature, T C
Re he at Brayton Cycle
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
5.0
Entropy, s kJ/kg K
Actual cycle
56
5.2
Ise ntropic
5.4
5.6
57
Comp.1
1
1
58
Comp.2
Turbine
(C
)
Tempe rature T
0
4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
Entropy s
Actual
59
4.8
5.0
(kJ/kg K)
Isentropic
5.2
5.4
60
Example: 10.3
61
Example: 10.5
62
Assignment 2
63
9.13,
Due
date:
Assignment 3
64
9.53,
Due
date:
Assignment 4
65
10.26
Due
date:
Reheat
Boiler
Mohy Mansour - AUC
Turbine
2
Condenser
2
1
Pump
66
3'
6'
Temperature, T
Pressure, P
4
1
67
TDC
BDC Volume, V
2
4
1
Entropy, S