CIRCULATION

TWO MAIN TYPES OF

CIRCULATORY
SYSTEMS
• Open
Circulatory
System
– the blood is
not
completely
enclosed
within
vessels and
it flows
within blood
vessels for
only a
limited part
of its circuit.
– The blood
vessels open
into the
open fluid
spaces
(sinuses or
• Closed
Circulatory
System
– Blood is
pumped and
received by
the heart
through a
continuous
circuit of
blood
vessels.
– Present in
annelids,
HUMAN CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
• Humans have a closed circulatory
system
• It consists of the heart, blood vessels,
blood, lymph, lymph vessels, and
organs such as the thymus, spleen,
and liver.
• Main functions:
– Transport gases, nutrients, waste
materials, hormones, enzymes, gases
and heat within the body
– Assist in the maintenance of fluid
balance
– Prevent loss of blood within the blood
vessels through clotting
Human circulatory
system
 ♥HEART♥
• Size: a little larger than a person’s
clenched fist
• Weight: less than a pound; between
7 and 15 ounces (200 to 425
grams)
• Location: between your lungs in the
middle of your chest, behind and
slightly to the left of your
breastbone (sternum).
• Composed of a bundle of cardiac
muscles specialized for rhythmic
 Cardiac
muscle
Cardiac muscle, found only in the heart, drives blood through the


circulatory system. Cardiac muscle cells connect to each other by

specialized junctions called intercalated disks. Without a constant
supply of oxygen, cardiac muscle will die, and heart attacks
occur from the damage caused by insufficient blood supply to
cardiac muscle. Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993-2006
Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
• External
structure of
the Heart
– The surface is
covered with
coronary
vessels
(arteries and
veins) which
carry oxygen
and nutrients
to the muscle
fibers of the ♥
– The
pericardium
is a tough
connective
tissue which
encloses the ♥
– Caval veins,
• Internal
structure of
the Heart
– The ♥ ι σ
δ ι ϖι δ ε δ
ι ν τ ο 4
χ η αµ β ε ρ
σ
– Πα ρ τ σ :
• Ατ ρ ι α =
ρ ε χ ε ι
ϖι ν γ
χ ηα µ β
ε ρ σ ;
αν τ ε ρ
ι ο ρ
• ς ε ν τ ρ ι
χ λ ε σ =
π υ µ π ι
ν γ
χ ηα µ β
• The valves open to allow blood to
more forward and closes to prevent
any backward flow.
• Types of valves:
– Tricuspid valve allows blood to
move from the right atrium into
right ventricle
– Bicuspid or Mitral valve allows
blood to move from left atrium into
left ventricle
– Semilunar valves guard the exists
of the ♥
– Aortic valve allows blood to move
out of left ventricle into aorta
– Pulmonary valve allows blood to
 Valve disease
• Heart valves can be abnormal from
birth or damaged by Rheumatic fever,
bacterial infection such as syphilis
and calcific degeneration. Valves also
degenerate with normal aging.
• Valve abnormality can result in
Stenosis - where the opening
becomes narrow
Regurgitation - where the valve
does not close properly leading to
back flow of blood
Diseased
valve
 Heartbeat
• Also known as
the cardiac
cycle
• Has the ff
elements:
– Systole =
contraction
of the ♥
µ υ σ χ λ ε Time (sec) Atria Ventricle
0.15 Systole Diastole
–∆ι ασ τ ο
λ ε = 0.30 Diastole Systole
ρ ε λ αξ α 0.40 Diastole diastole
• The rate of the heartbeat is
controlled by the nerves and
hormones
• Parasympathetic nerves slow the
pacemaker by releasing
acetylcholine
• Sympathetic nerves speed up the
pacemaker by releasing
norepinephrine
 Conduction
system of the
heart
• Sinoatrial (SA)
node
– Electrical
impulses from
your heart
muscle (the
myocardium)
cause your
heart to
contract. This
electrical
signal begins
in the
sinoatrial (SA)
  The SA node is sometimes called the
heart's "natural pacemaker."
 An electrical impulse from this natural
pacemaker travels through the muscle
fibres of the atria and ventricles,
causing them to contract.
 Although the SA node sends electrical
impulses at a certain rate, your heart
rate may still change depending on
physical demands, stress, or hormonal
factors.
•
• Atrioventricular
(AV) node
– The
atrioventricular
(AV) node is a
section of nodal
tissue that lies
on the right
side of the
partition that
divides the
atria, near the
bottom of the
right atrium.
– Delays cardiac
impulses from
the SA to allow
the atria to
contract and
• Pacemaker cells
– PRIMARY
• Cells in the SA node will
spontaneously depolarize,
resulting in contraction,
approximately 100 times per
minute. This native rate is
constantly modified by the
activity of sympathetic and
parasympathetic nerve fibres,
so that the average resting
cardiac rate in adult humans is
about 70 beats per minute.
• the SA node is responsible for
the rest of the heart's electrical
– SECONDARY
• If the SA node does not function,
or the impulse generated in the
SA node is blocked before it
travels down the electrical
conduction system, a group of
cells further down the heart will
become the heart's pacemaker,
this is known as an ectopic
pacemaker. These cells form
the AV node, which is an area
between the atria and
ventricles, within the atrial
septum.
• The cells of the AV node normally
discharge at about 40-60 beats
– TERTIARY
• Further down the electrical
conducting system of the
heart, the Bundle of His,
the left and right branches
of this bundle, and the
Purkinje fibres, will also
produce a spontaneous
action potential if they
aren't inhibited by other
electrical activity. These
tertiary pacemakers fire at
a rate between 30-40 per
• Electrocardiogra
m (ECG)
– An
electrocardiogra
ph (ECG or EKG)
records the
electrical
activity of the
heart. Preceding
each
contraction of
the heart
muscle is an
electrical
impulse
generated in
the SA node;
the waves
displayed in an
ECG trace the
• Pulse
– The cardiac cycle is
also felt through
the pulsation of
arteries
– It is the alternate
expansion and
recoil of an artery
– The pulsation is felt
during diastole,
when the blood
surges through
the arteries
 BLOOD VESSELS
• The three types of vessels where
blood circulates are:
– Arteries
– Capillaries
– Veins
• Arteries
– Have thicker elastic walls due to the
greater pressure of blood passing
through them
– They carry oxygenated blood AWAY
from the ♥
–Σ µ α λ λ α ρ τ ε ρ ι ε σ α ρ ε
χ αλ λ ε δ α ρ τ ε ρ ι ο λ ε σ
• Veins
– Carry blood with low pressure
– Have thinner walls
– Provided with valves which prevent
the backflow of blood
– They carry deoxygenated blood
TOWARD the ♥ (ε ξ χ ε π τ τ η ε
• Capillaries
– The
smallest
and most
numerous
blood
vessel
– Found in
tissues
– They
connect
the
arteries
to the
veins
– They are
important
in gas
 Blood in a
capillary
Veins are blood vessels that return blood to the heart from


other parts of the body. This false-color electron

micrograph shows red blood cells packed into a capillary,
the smallest type of blood vessel. Blood flows from the
capillaries into veins after oxygen has been exchanged.


 CONTROL OF BLOOD
PRESSURE
• Blood pressure
– The force exerted by the blood
against the inner walls of the blood
vessels
– Can be measured by using a
shygmomanometer and stethoscope

 FA C T O R S T H A T R E G U L A T E
B LO O D P R E S S U R E
• Sympathetic nerves stimulate
blood vessels to constrict, causing
the blood pressure to rise
• Baroreceptors stretch when blood
pressure increases and send
messages to the cardiac and
vasomotor centres in the medulla
of the brain
• The aforementioned centres
stimulate the parasympathetic
• Angiotensins
– a group of hormones which constrict
blood vessels
– Formed from plasma proteins by the
stimulation of enzyme renin (renin is
released by the kidneys in response
to low blood pressure within the
kidneys)
• The kidneys maintain blood
pressure by influencing blood
volume through the regulation of
the rate which water and salt are
excreted
 BLOOD
• Blood is a complex transport medium
that performs vital pickup and
delivery services for the body.
• It is the keystone of the body’s heat-
regulating mechanism.
• The total circulating blood volume in
humans is about 8% of the body
weight
• Healthy young females have 4-5
litres of blood while males have 5-6
• Blood consists of the following:
– Plasma (liquid fraction)
– Blood cells or corpuscles (formed
elements)
• Erythrocytes
• Leucocytes
• Thrombocytes
• It is 55% plasma and 45% formed
elements

• Plasma
• Formed elements
• Erythrocytes
– The red blood cells (RBC)
– In humans, they are small, numerous,
biconcave in shape and has no
nucleus
– Have a life span of 105-120 days
– Are destroyed in the spleen and liver
– Are produced (erythropoiesis)in the
bone marrow under the control of
the growth factor erythropoietin
– Contain 200-300 million molecules of
hemoglobin, a red pigment which
combines with oxygen
• Leucocytes
– The white
blood cells
(WBC)
– Fewer than
RBC
– Always
nucleated
– They defend
the body
against
infection
– They
destroy
foreign
 • Types of leucocytes
Cell type Function Life span
NEUTROPHIL Cellular defense- Hours to 3 days
phagocytosis of small
BASOPHIL Secretes
pathogenicheparin and
microbes Hours to 3 days
histamine
EOSINOPHIL Cellular defense- 10 to 12 days
phagocytosis of large
pathogenic microbes;
releases
LYMPHOCYTE Humoral defense-
antiinflammatory Days to years
secretes
substancesantibodies;
involved in immune
system response and
MONOCYTE A marcrophage- capable months
regulation
of engulfing large
bacterial organisms and
viral infected cells
– When a site has been
injured, an
inflammation occurs
due to the substances
released by leucocytes
• Thrombocytes
– Also known as platelets
– Tiny fragments of cells without
nucleus
– Are involved in blood clotting or
coagulation
– Form a platelet plug when a blood
vessel is damaged
– The clotting factors released by the
platelets are mostly produced in
the liver
 BLOOD CLOTTING
(COAGULATION)
• Stage 1
– Has extrinsic (tissues) and intrinsic
(blood vessels) clotting pathways
– A clotting cascade precedes the
formation of prothrombin activator
• Stage 2
– Prothrombin is converted to
thrombin by prothrombinase
• Stage 3
– Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin by
thrombin
• The clotting factors, cause strands of
blood-borne materials, called fibrin,
to stick together and seal the inside
of the wound. Eventually, the cut
blood vessel heals and the blood
clot dissolves after a few days.
 BLOOD CIRCULATION
• Right atrium
– receives deoxygenated blood from
the upper and lower parts of the
body via the superior vena cava
and inferior vena cava,
respectively
– Sends the blood to the right
ventricle through the tricuspid
atrioventricular valve
• Right ventricle
– Contracts under pressure and forces
• Lungs
– The seat of oxygenation (alveoli)
– Oxygen moves out from the end of
the arterioles to the capillaries
– The oxygen is carried by the blood
when it combines with heme, an
iron-containing group in hemoglobin
in the red blood in the RBC, to form
oxyhemoglobin
– Carbon dioxide leaves the lungs via
capillaries near the venous end
• Left atrium
– Receives oxygenated blood from the
pulmonary veins, and pumps it
into the left ventricle, via the
bicuspid valve
• Left ventricle
– Receives oxygenated blood from the
left atrium and pumps it into the
aorta via the aortic valve
• Aorta
– the major blood vessel that comes out
of the heart and distributes
oxygenated blood to the rest of the
 Blood vessels coming out of the aorta
and supplying blood to the heart are
called coronary arteries.
 The aorta supplies blood to the head via
the carotid and vertebral arteries.
 Major branches coming out of the aorta
also include the:
• renal arteries (supplying blood to the
kidneys),
• mesenteric arteries (supplying blood to
the gut),
• celiac artery (supplying blood to the
liver and spleen),
• iliac arteries (supplying blood to the hip
and lower legs).
 BLOOD TYPING
• Blood type refers to the type of
antigens present on RBC
membranes
• Antigens A, B, and Rh are the most
important blood antigens
• The main types of blood in humans
are A, B, AB, and O
ANTIGEN


(agglutinogens)

ANTIBODY


(agglutinins)
• Blood Type A
– Antigen A on RBCs
– Contains an antibody directed against
substance B
• Blood Type B
– Contains the reverse of Blood Type A
• Blood Type AB
– RBCs contain both substances A and B
– Contains neither antibody
– Persons with this blood type can receive
any of the 4 blood types
– “universal recipient”
• Blood Type O
– Contains neither substances in its RBCs
– “universal donor”
Blood type Antigen Antibody
A A Anti-B
B B Anti-A
AB A, B None
O None Anti-A, Anti-B
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
• Consist of circulatory vessels or ducts
in which the fluid bathing the tissue
cells of vertebrates is collected and
carried to join the bloodstream
proper.
• The lymphatic system is of primary
importance in transporting digested
fat from the intestine to the
bloodstream; in removing and
destroying toxic substances; and in
resisting the spread of disease
throughout the body.
•
• Interstitial or tissue fluid
– The fluid that is transferred from the
capillaries into the tissues
– Similar to the plasma but lacks RBCs
and platelets and has a few WBCs
– Its protein content is one fourth that
of the plasma, and contains glucose,
amino acids, salts, oxygen, and
other nutrients
• The system is composed of:
– Lymphatic vessels
• An extensive network of vessels which
conduct lymph, a watery fluid
formed from interstitial fluid
– Lymph tissue
• A type of connective tissue with large
numbers of lymphocytes organized
into small masses called lymph
nodes and lymph nodules
• The tonsils, thymus gland and
spleen are also part of the
lymphatic system since they
consist mainly of lymph tissue
Lymph tissue
Lymph nodes
CARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASES
• Atherosclerosis
– Also known as coronary artery
disease
– In this condition, deposits of plaque—
lipids, including cholesterol—form
on the inner walls of the arteries
– As the blood passes over the
roughened artery walls, blood clots
begin to form upon them, a
condition called thrombosis
– atherosclerosis causes most of its
damage by reducing the flow of
blood to the heart, brain, kidneys,
and legs
• Risk factors of atherosclerosis:
– High levels of cholesterol
– Hypertension
– Cigarette Smoking
– Diabetes mellitus
– Aging

• Women, until
menopause, are
protected form
the hardening of
the arteries by
estrogen
• Cerebrovascular
accident
– Occurs when
atherosclerosis
occurs in the
cerebral
arteries
• Ischemic heart disease
– aka Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
– When the coronary arteries are
affected and become blocked by the
deposits of lipids
• Angina pectoris
– The ♥ τ ι σ σ υ ε σ α ρ ε
δ ε π ρ ι ϖε δ ο φ
αδ ε θ υ ατ ε συ π π λ ψ ο φ
ο ξ ψγ ε ν
–Χη α ρ α χ τ ε ρ ι ζ ε δ β ψ
χ ηε στ π αι ν σ
–Νι τ ρ ο γ λ ψχ ε ρ ι ν ι σ
τ ακ ε ν σι ν χ ε ι τ
• Myocardial infarction (MI)
– Also known as heart attack
– Often results from a sudden decrease
in coronary blood supply
 end

BY : BIANCA MARIE D .
ISAGUIRRE
BSN2 - 12F