Baseband Digital Transmission

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Outline

Digital Multiplexing

Data Formats/Line Codes and PSDs

Synchronization techniques

Multiplexers and Hierarchies

Data Multiplexers

Bit Synchronization
Scramblers and PN sequence generator
Frame Synchronization

Equalization
Inter-symbol Interference

Digital multiplexing

TDM : Analog Signal Multiplexing

time interleaving of samples from two or more analog signals.

based on low pass sampling theorem.
periodic sampling and waveform preservation is required.

Digital MUX (Binary MUX)

multiplexing on bit-by-bit basis- bits/digits interleaving
multiplexing on word-by-word basis- byte/word interleaving

MUX must perform:

Establish a frame as the smallest time interval containing at
least one bit from every input.
Assign to each input a number of unique bit slot within a
frame.
Insert control bits for frame identification and
synchronization.
Make allowance for any variations of the input bit rate.

1.
2.
3.
4.

Categories of Multiplexers
based on bit rate variation:
1. Synchronous MUX

Asynchronous MUX

2.

used for sources which are governed by one master clock.

Eliminates the bit rate variation by pulse or bit stuffing.
Maximum throughput efficiency.
used for sources which operates in start/stop mode.
here, sources produce bursts of characters/word with variable
spacing between bursts.
word interleaving is done with start and stop bits that start and
terminate the receiver clock.

3. Quasi-synchronous MUX

used for the sources whose bit rates are same and do not vary so
much.

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MUX HIERARCHY
1.
2.

AT&T hierarchy in North America & japan

CCITT hierarchy in Europe.

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Line Codes/Data Formats

Source Encoders: PCM, DPCM and DM

Channel accepts only waveforms (ex.- electrical, EM wave).

Encoding of quantized samples using digital (binary) code.

Conversion of analog waveforms into coded pulses (digital signal).
[Waveform Coding schemes]

Electrical representation of encoded binary streams is required for

their transmission. [Line coding/transmission coding]
Assigning waveforms (electrical pulses) to digital data.

Line Codes- Baseband Modulation (Recall: A sub-block of

channel encoder unit).
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Desired Properties of a Line Code

Smaller transmission bandwidth

Low transmission power
Error detection and correction capability
Favorable PSD

Zero PSD value is desired at f=0 Hz, because ac coupled

devices are often used at the repeaters.

Transparency
should work for every possible sequence of data.
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Types of Line codes

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Power Spectral Density (PSD)

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Synchronization techniques (C-523)

LPF

Regenerat
or

Bit
Sync

Clock

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Frame
Sync

Bit Synchronization

Open-loop bit synchronization

Closed-loop bit synchronization

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Scramblers and PN sequence generator

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Frame Synchronization
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