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CHAPTER 4
HYPERTEXT

WORLD WIDE WEB

The
HYPERTEXTUniversity of
Hypertext is text displayed on a computer or other
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electronic device with references (hyperlinks) to other text
that the reader can immediately access, usually by a
mouse click or keypress sequence.

Apart from running text, hypertext may contain tables,

images and other presentational devices.
Hypertext is the underlying concept defining the structure
of theWorld Wide Web.
Hypertext documents can either be static (prepared and
stored in advance) or dynamic (continually changing in
response to user input).
http://www.google.com.my/

hyperlink

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Static hypertext can be used to cross-reference collections of
data in documents, software applications, or booksChoice
on CDs

A well-constructed system can also incorporate other userinterface conventions, such as menus and command lines.
Hypertext can develop very complex and dynamic systems of
linking and cross-referencing.
The most famous implementation of hypertext is the
World Wide Web, first deployed in 1992.
Hypertext is text which contains links to other texts. The term
was coined by Ted Nelson around 1965.
HyperMedia is a term used for hypertext which is not
constrained to be text: it can include graphics, video and
sound , for example. Apparently Ted Nelson was the first to
use this term too.

The
WORLD WIDE WEB
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The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is an international
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community that develops openstandards to ensure the
longterm growth of the Web.

The World Wide Web (abbreviated as WWW or W3, commonly

known as the Web, and nickname: "information superhighway")
is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via
the Internet.
With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain
text, images, videos, and other multimedia, and navigate
between them via hyperlinks.
Using concepts from his earlier hypertext systems like
ENQUIRE, British engineer and computer scientist
Sir Tim Berners-Lee, now Director of the
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), wrote a proposal in March
1989 for what would eventually become the World Wide Web.

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AtCERN, a European research organization
near Genevaof
situated on Swiss and French soil,Berners-Lee and
Belgian
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computer scientistRobert Cailliau proposed in 1990 to use

hypertext "... to link and access information of various kinds
as a web of nodes in which the user can browse at will", and
they publicly introduced the project in December.
On April 30, 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide
Web would be free to anyone, with no fees due.
Coming two months after the announcement that the server
implementation of the Gopher protocol was no longer free to
use, this produced a rapid shift away from Gopher and
towards the Web.

The
HIGHLIGHTS OF WWW
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Scholars generally agree that a turning point for the World
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Wide Web began with the introduction of the Mosaic web

browser.
in 1993, a graphical browser developed by a team at the
National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (NCSA-UIUC), led
by Marc Andreessen.
Funding for Mosaic came from the U.S. High-Performance
Computing and Communications Initiative and the
High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 199
1
, one of
several computing developments initiated by U.S. Senator Al
Gore
.
Previously graphics is not used after Mosaic changed Internet.

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The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded
by
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Tim Berners-Lee after he left the European Organization for

Nuclear Research (CERN) in October 1994.
It was founded at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Laboratory for Computer Science (MIT/LCS) with support
from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
(DARPA), which had pioneered the Internet.
a year later, a second site was founded at INRIA (a French
national computer research lab) with support from the
European Commission DG InfSo; and in 1996, a third
continental site was created in Japan at Keio University.
Connected by the existing Internet, other websites were
created around the world, adding international standards for
domain names and HTML.

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Berners-Lee has played an active role in guidingUniversity
the development of of
web
standards (such as the markup languages in which web pages
are
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composed), and in recent years has advocated his vision of a
Semantic Web.
The Web is a collection of documents and both client and server software
using Internet protocols such as TCP/IP and HTTP.
The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used in everyday
speech without much distinction.
However, the Internet and the World Wide Web are not one and the
same.
In contrast, the Web is one of the services that runs on the Internet. It is a
collection of text documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks
and URLs, usually accessed by web browsers from web servers. In short,
the Web can be thought of as an application "running" on the Internet

The
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of
Viewing a web page on the World Wide Web
normally begins
either by typing the URL of the page into a web browser
or by
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following a hyperlink to that page or resource.

The web browser then initiates a series of communication
messages, behind the scenes, in order to fetch and display it.
STEPS TO SHOW WEBPAGE USING HTML
As an example, consider accessing a page with the
URLhttp://example.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web .
First, the browser resolves the server-name portion of the URL
(example.org) into an Internet Protocol address using the
globally distributed database known as the
Domain Name System (DNS); this lookup returns an IP
address such as 208.80.152.2.

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The browser then requests the resource by sending an HTTP
request across the Internet to the computer at thatChoice
particular
address.
It makes the request to a particular application port in the
underlying Internet Protocol Suite so that the computer
receiving the request can distinguish an HTTP request from
other network protocols it may be servicing such as e-mail
delivery;
the HTTP protocol normally uses port 80.
The content of the HTTP request can be as simple as the two
lines of text
followed by the content of the requested page.

The
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The Hypertext Markup Language for a basic web page looks
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like

<html>
<head>
<title>Example.org The World Wide Web</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The World Wide Web, abbreviated as WWW and
commonly known ...</p>
</body>
</html>

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The web browser parses the HTML, interpreting the
markup (<title>, <p> for paragraph, and such) that
surrounds the words in order to draw the text on the
screen.
Many web pages use HTML to reference the URLs of
other resources such as images, other embedded
media.

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REFERENCES
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http://www.w3.org/
http://www.w3.org/WhatIs.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext

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THANK YOU
Q& A