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Components
CS 10051
Note: The
processor is also
called the
Central
Processing Unit
or the CPU
or
Flow of Information
The parts are connected to one
another by a collection of wires
called a bus
Processo
r
Babbage
Interestingly, a similar architecture was
proposed in 1830 by Charles Babbage
for his Analytic Engine:
ALU
mill
memory
store
control unit operator (process cards
storing instructions)
I/O units
output (typewriter)
7
Memory
Memory is a
collection of cells,
each with a
unique physical
address
The size of a cell
is normally a
power of 2,
typically a byte
today.
Memory
A cell is the
smallest
addressable unit
of memory i.e.
one cell can be
read from
memory or one
cell can be
written into
memory, but
nothing smaller.
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MEMORY UNIT
(or RAM- Random Access Memory)
Each cell has an address,
starting at 0 and increasing by
1 for each cell.
A cell with a low address is just
as accessible as one with a
high address- hence the name
RAM.
The width of the cell
determines how many bits can
be read or written in one
machine operation.
MAR is Memory Address
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Register
What is a Register?
Data can be moved into and out of
registers faster than from memory.
If we could replace all of memory with
registers, we could produce a very, very
fast computer ...
But, the price would be terribly prohibitive.
Most computers have quite a few registers
that serve different purposes.
Well see how the MAR and the MDR are
used.
13
s
000
D
D
D
14
f
D
D
I
15
4 x 24
decoder
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
15
16
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2-D MEMORY
MAR
0
1
2x4
decoder
columns
2x4
decoder
rows
18
AL1
Register R
Other registers
ALU
AL2
circuits
multiplexer
selector lines
GT EQ LT
output
20
ADD X
f
D
E+D
E
E
E+D
ADD X
E+D
21
Control Unit
A Control Unit is the unit that handles the
central work of the computer.
There are two registers in the control unit
(a
)
(3)
(b
)
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Once the
instruction is
fetched, the
PC is
incremented.
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Input/Output Units
An input unit is a device through which
data and programs from the outside
world are entered into the computer
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I/O UNITS
Processor
Memory
I/O buffer
Control-logic
I/0 device
29
IN X
s
D
IN X
30
OUT X
f
D
D
OUT X
D
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Secondary Storage
Devices
Because most of main memory is
volatile and limited, it is essential that
there be other types of storage devices
where programs and data can be
stored when they are no longer being
processed
Secondary storage devices can be
installed within the computer box at
the factory or added later as needed
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Magnetic Tape
The first truly
mass auxiliary
storage device
was the
magnetic tape
drive
A magnetic tape
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Magnetic Disks
A read/write head travels across a spinning
magnetic disk, retrieving or recording data
Figure 5.8
The organization
of a magnetic disk
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Compact Disks
A CD drive uses a laser to read
information stored optically on a
plastic disk
CD-ROM is Read-Only Memory
DVD stands for Digital Versatile
Disk
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37
Synchronous processing
One approach to parallelism is to have
multiple processors apply the same program to
multiple data sets
38
Pipelining
Arranges processors in tandem,
where each processor contributes
one part to an overall computation
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Shared-Memory
Shared Memory
Processor
Local
Memory1
Processor
Processor
Processor
Local
Memory2
Local
Memory3
Local
Memory4
Do this with
Do this with
Do this with
Do this with
machine.
a
a
a
a
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