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IAP Lecture 2
Ed Crawley
January 11, 2007
Rev 2.0
Definitions - Reflections
Form
Function
Reference PDP - “In the Small”
System
Complex
Value
Product
Principle/Method/Tool
Consists of:
Function
Form
– Function
– Related by Concept
– To Form Concept
How did you represent the graphical structural
view?
Representing form and structure
Whole product system and use context
Boundaries and Interfaces
Attributes and states
Informational form must always be stored or encoded in
physical form (data in a CD, thought in neurons, poetry
in print)
Bump
Cavity
wall
Ramp
Product/system boundary
Is a boundary Is a boundary of
Hole
Is aligned with
Touches Touches Is a Is a
Bump Channel Ramp Step Cavity
boundary of boundary of
Touches
There is also a backward direction relation.
Is under Spatial
Chair Table (under)
n
Is stored in Topological
Data Array
(within)
contacts 25 Topological
Disk Blades (touching)
Is connected to Implementation
Capacitor Resistor
“N-squared” matrix representation gives a list-like representation of
connectivity (read from left row-wise)
Symmetric (with transformation like “surrounds” to “within”, “is a
boundary of” to “is bounded by”)
Is non-causal - no sense of anything happening before anything else
Massachusetts Institute of Technology © Ed Crawley 2007
Implementation Structure - Whistle
Step Hole
Channel
Bump
Cavity
wall
Ramp
Product/system boundary
Hole
Hole
Step Mech. Mech. integral Mech.
integral integral
Product/system boundary
Whole product system
Massachusetts Institute of Technology © Ed Crawley 2007
Whole product system
Whistle
Whistle
Step
Hole
Cavity
wall
Step Hole
Channel
Star
Bump
Ring
Cavity
wall
Ramp
External Product/system
Air boundary
Massachusetts Institute of Technology © Ed Crawley 2007 610
Accountability for the Whole Product
System
Even though you only supply the product/system,
all of the other supporting systems must be present
and work to yield value -BEWARE!!!
They may fail to be present, or fail to work
Product/system boundary
Whole product system
Massachusetts Institute of Technology © Ed Crawley 2007 Use context
Use Context Informs Design
For example:
– Whistle use context: sporting event, toys, Olympic stadium?
– Op amp use context: lab bench, consumer audio, spacecraft?
Product/system boundary
Ground Output
Op Amp R1 R2
Interface Interface
Product/system boundary
+5 + Input - Input
V Power interface interface
Vout Ground
supply
-5V
Op Amp R2
interface
+5V
interface
Output
interface
Product System
ground interface
+input interface
output interface
-input interface
+5 V interface
-5 V interface
output circuit
power supply
input circuit
Boundary and
resistor 2
resitor 1
op amp
ground
Interfaces
resitor 1 x e e
In the matrix resistor 2
op amp
x e e
x ei ei ei ei ei Implementation
+input interface t x e
representation, -input interface t t t x
Interfaces
output interface t t x e
the boundary is ground interface t x e
-5 V interface t x e
between rows +5 V interface t x e
input circuit t x e
and columns output circuit t x e
power supply t t x e
Interfaces are ground t t t t x
Whole Product
return state
a(j+1) inst
I loop inst
proc state
j loop inst
temp inst
Boundary and
a(j) inst
if inst
Interfaces proc state x c c c c
I loop inst f x c c c
j loop inst fw x c c
The structural if inst fw x c
temp inst fw x c c
interfaces in a(j+1) inst w f x c
software determine a(j) inst
return state
w f x
f x
sequence and
nesting, and
compilation t = touching, tangent
b = boundary
w = within, s = surrounding
ov = overlapping
da = at a specified distance or angular allignment
f = follows in sequence, l = leads in sequence
Example assumes that
procedure m = mechanical connected (pressing, bolted, bonded, etc.)
exchange_contents is e = electrical connected (soldered, etc.)
separately compiled and c = compilation with
called no second symbol implies connector of some sort
i as second symbol implies integral
Massachusetts Institute of Technology © Ed Crawley 2007
Static Graphical User
Interface - Whole
Product?
Characterization/Exhibition
– The relation between an object O O
characterizes
and its features or attributes
exhibits
– Some attributes are states
A A
Skateboard
Skateboard Skateboard
Stopped Rolling
Velocity
Stopped Rolling
Product/system form combines with other supporting
systems (with which it interfaces at the boundary) to form the
whole product system that creates value
Consists of: Form
Function
– Function
– Related by Concept
– To Form Concept
Function
Emergence
Process + Operand
External function
Internal function
Is a product/system attribute
Is conceived by the architect
Must be conceived so that goals can be achieved
Is what the system eventually does, the activities
and transformations which emerge as sub-
function aggregate
Should initially be stated in solution neutral
language
Change voltage proportional to charge
Conditionally transfer control if array[ j ] > array [ j+1 ] then
Fin Fout
Increase force
Vout
Amplify low frequency signal Vin
Regulate shaft speed
end of j loop
end of i loop
return array
End of procedure
Massachusetts Institute of Technology © Ed Crawley 2007
Form - Function Sequence
Reverse
Function engineering,
definition Mapping Bottom up
design,
Design
knowledge
Mapping capture
Form
definition
Conceptual
design
Function
Operand is the object which is acted upon by the
process, which may be created, destroyed, or altered:
– Image is captured
– Signal is amplified
– Array is sorted
You often do not supply the operand, and there may be
more than one operand to consider
The double arrow is the generic link, called “effecting”
A single headed arrow can be used to represent
“producing” or “consuming”
610
Massachusetts Institute of Technology © Ed Crawley 2007
Camera - Value Related Operand?
product/system boundary
610
Massachusetts Institute of Technology © Ed Crawley 2007
Externally Delivered Function
External function is
delivered across a External function at the
boundary - the value interface: supporting +
vehicle
related operand is
external to the product/system boundary
product/system
External function is
linked to the
delivery of benefit
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology © Ed Crawley 2007
Semantically Exact Representation with
OPM
Instrument
Operand Processing
Object
Function Form
Architecture is made up of operands + processes
(functions) plus instrument object (form)
Examples:
– Image is captured by digital camera
– Low frequency signal is amplified with an operational amplifier
– Tone is created by whistle
– Array is sorted by bublesort routine
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology © Ed Crawley 2007
Value Related State Representation with
Operand
OPM
Value states
Existing Desired
Instrument
Processing
Object
Person Transporting
P affects O
Entropy Transporting
P yields or creates O
Energy Transporting
P consumes or destroys O
O is an agent of P (agent) Operator Transporting
Enough
P occurs if O is in state A Money
None
Purchasing
Another view:
– Value: “how various stakeholders find particular
worth, utility, benefit, or reward in exchange for their
respective contributions to the enterprise” [Murman,
et al. LEV p178]
Benefit is driven by function Cost
externally delivered across the Form
interface
Function
Benefit
Cost is driven by the design of the
form - “parts attract cost”
Concept
The relationship of function to form is
therefore the relationship of benefit
to cost
Interfacing + Carrying +
Reacting + compression
Bridge and loads
ramp
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology © Ed Crawley 2007
Externally Delivered and Internal Function
Restrain + Capture + Store + digital image External function at the
camera digital image interface: produce +
Product/system boundary digital image
Bump
Cavity
wall
Ramp
Product/system boundary
Is a boundary Is a boundary of
Hole
Is aligned with
Touches Touches Is a Is a
Bump Channel Ramp Step Cavity
boundary of boundary of
Touches
What is the value related operand and What are the internal functions?
states? How are they mapped to form?
What is the externally delivered function?
+ Input - Input
Power interface interface
+5 Ground
supply
V
Vout
-5V
Op Amp R2
interface
+5V
interface
Output
interface
What is the value related operand and What are the internal functions?
states? How are they mapped to form?
What is the externally delivered function?
Massachusetts Institute of Technology © Ed Crawley 2007
Delivered and Internal Function - Bubblesort
Procedure bubblesort (List array, number length_of_array)
for i=1 to length_of_array;
for j=1 to length_of_array - i;
if array[ j ] > array [ j+1 ] then
exchange_content (array[ j ], array [ j+1 ])
end if
end of j loop
end of i loop
Procedure exchange_contents(List array, number
return array i, number j)
End of procedure temporary = array [ j+1 ]
array[ j+1 ] = array [ j ]
array[ j ] = temporary
return array
Product/system boundary
What is the value related operand and What are the internal functions?
states? How are they mapped to form?
What is the externally delivered function?
Massachusetts Institute of Technology © Ed Crawley 2007
Summary - Function
Function is the activity, operations, transformations that
create or contribute to performance - it is operand + process
Customer-focused products
Competitive product designs
Team coordination
Reduce time to introduction
Reduce cost of the design
Facilitate group consensus
Explicit decision process
Create archival record
Customizable methods
In the “small”
Technology in hand
Not a corporate stretch
Relatively simple (probably physical) form
Build/Bust developmental approach
Focused on “the PDP proper”, not upstream + life cycle
Operand
Processing
Instrument
Form
Architecture?