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Note
Capacity of a System
Nyquist Theorem
Example 1
Consider a noiseless channel with a bandwidth of 3000
Hz transmitting a signal with two signal levels. The
maximum bit rate can be calculated as
Example 2
Consider the same noiseless channel transmitting a
signal with four signal levels (for each level, we send 2
bits). The maximum bit rate can be calculated as
Example 3
We need to send 265 kbps over a noiseless channel with
a bandwidth of 20 kHz. How many signal levels do we
need?
Solution
We can use the Nyquist formula as shown:
Shannons Theorem
Example 4
Consider an extremely noisy channel in which the value
of the signal-to-noise ratio is almost zero. In other
words, the noise is so strong that the signal is faint. For
this channel the capacity C is calculated as
Example 5
We can calculate the theoretical highest bit rate of a
regular telephone line. A telephone line normally has a
bandwidth of 3000. The signal-to-noise ratio is usually
3162. For this channel the capacity is calculated as
This means that the highest bit rate for a telephone line
is 34.860 kbps. If we want to send data faster than this,
we can either increase the bandwidth of the line or
improve the signal-to-noise ratio.
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Example 6
The signal-to-noise ratio is often given in decibels.
Assume that SNRdB = 36 and the channel bandwidth is 2
MHz. The theoretical channel capacity can be calculated
as
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Note
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Question
According to the Shannons Channel capacity theorem:
Channel capacity C = B*log (1 + S/N)
Where B = Bandwidth and S/N = Signal to Noise Ratio.
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Solution
(1) When the Bandwidth increases, what happens?
As S/N increases, one can increase the information rate while still
preventing
errors due to noise.
(3) When the Signal to Noise Ration S/N tends to infinity what happens?
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Question
Suppose that the spectrum of a channel is between 10 MHz
and 12 Mhz, and an intended capacity of 8 Mbps.
(1) What should be the SNR in order to obtain this
capacity?
(2) How many signaling levels are required to obtain this
capacity?
(3) What would be the capacity if the environment starts
suffering lesser noise and
the SNR goes up to 27 dB.
(4) Same question as (2) but for the capacity in (3)
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Solution
B=2 Mhz=2*10^6, C=8 Mbps=8*10^6 bps
(1) What should be the SNR in order to obtain this capacity?
Shannon's Theorem:
Nyquist Theorem:
SNR(dB)=10*log10(SNR)<=>SNR=10^2.7<=>SNR=501 (approximately)
Shannon's Theorem:
C=18Mbps=18*10^6 bps
Nyquist Theorem:
C=2B*log2(M)<=>M=2^(C/2B)<=>M=22.6 *
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