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Introductory Lecture
Selected Topics From Chapters
1, 2 & 3: Measurement
Systme Internationale Units
Dimensional Analysis
Significant Figures
Daltons Atomic Theory
Elements and the Periodic Table
Molecules and Compounds
fields
Systme International
consistent set of metric units
base units include metre, kg and second (MKS)
4
(absolute
zero).
K and C scales same
except for 273.15
offset.
T = t(K/C) + 273.15K
1.00 bar
2.00 bar
4.00 bar
Examples Derived SI
Units
Volume:
Force:
kgms-2
Pressure:
Nm-2
Energy:
Power:
Frequency:
Electrical charge:
Electrical potential:
(Pa) = 1
joule
watt
hertz
coulomb
volt
(J) = 1 Nm
(W) = 1 Js-1
(Hz) = 1 s-1
(C) = 1 As
(V) = 1 JC-1
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Example
What is the pressure in bar of 1.30 mol of ideal
gas at 25C in a 1.62 L vessel?
(1) Decide on approach: Ideal gas law
PV = nRT
R = gas constant = 8.3145 J K-1mol-1 (SI)
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Dimensional Analysis
Conversion of units = dimensional
analysis.
Two levels recommended
Convert to SI units BEFORE calculation
Cancel units during calculation as a check
counts!
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Example
Work of expansion:
w = - Pext V
(w<0 indicates work done on surroundings)
cylinder
Pext
release
constraint
piston
gas
INCORRECT!
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2.54 cm
1m
4.44822 N
8.00 in lb
1 in
100 cm
1 lb
= 0.904 Nm
Notes:
(1) Converting units changes appearance only
(2) Precision of 1st and 2nd conversion factors is
infinite
(3) Precision of the answer is 3 figures because of 18
a measurement.
A measurement can be precise without
being accurate
The other way round is hard to demonstrate
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Method 2:
5.504
5.495
5.494
5.498
5.508
5.494
5.507
Method 3:
4.790
4.271
5.075
4.883
5.574
4.801
5.945
Mean:
4.997
95% CI:
0.005
(Good
Mean:
5.501
95% CI: 0.004
(Poor accuracy,
good
precision.)
Mean: 4.884
95% CI: 0.557
(Poor accuracy
and precision.)
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Significant Figures
ALL MEASUREMENTS ARE APPROXIMATE
Digits in a value reflect the precision; e.g.,
2.5 g implies 2.5 0.1 g
2.50 g implies 2.50 0.01 g
Exact Numbers
NOT ALL NUMBERS USED IN CALCULATIONS
ARE MEASUREMENTS
Counting numbers
e.g. If you have 2 shoes, the 2 has no error
Significant Figure
Examples
Value
Significant Figures
4: rules 2 & 3
1.010103 m2
1 010 m2
1 010.0 m2
5: rules 2 & 3
1.000103 m2
4: rule 3
103 m2
0.0001 m2
1: rule 4
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Antilogarithms:
Example 1
V = (1.15 m)(6.01 m)(22.0 m) + (32.0 m 3)
= 152.053 m3 + 32.0 m3
= (a) 184 m3
(b) 184.1 m3
(c) 1.8102 m3?
ANS: (a) 184 m3
Three significant figures: 1st term = 152 m3.
Significant figures follow rules of order of operations.
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Example 2
V = (1.339 m)(6.80 m)(0.016 m) + 38 L
= 0.145 683 2 m3 + (38 L)(10-3 m3/L)
= 0.145 683 2 m3 + 0.038 m3
= (a) 0.1837 m3
(b) 0.184 m3
(c) 0.18 m3?
ANS: (c) 0.18 m3
Two sig. figs because 0.016 m has two figures.
Terms are additive only if they have the same units.
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truncate:
up:
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Suggested Chapter 1
Exercises
Review Questions 2-20.
Problems by Topic, Cumulative Problems,
30
Daltons Atomic
Theory of Matter
Nothing Exists Per Se Except
Atoms and the Void
- Lucretius (ca. 94-51 BC)
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Postulate 1
All matter is composed of indivisible
units called atoms.
An atom retains its identity during chemical
reactions
BrBr-
HC
Cl Cl
CH
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Postulate 2
An element is a type of matter composed
of only one kind of atom
In the original theory, each atom of an element
was thought to have the same physical
properties (e.g. mass) of all the other atoms in
a sample of that element
We now know that an element may have
several isotopes (atoms of different mass)
What determines the identity of an element?
33
Postulate 3
A compound is a type of matter composed
of atoms of two or more elements
chemically combined in fixed proportions
Law of Constant Composition
Is ozone, O3, a compound? Explain.
Are N2O and NO2 the same compound?
Is air (composed of 20% oxygen and 80%
nitrogen by weight) a compound?
34
Postulate 4
A chemical reaction consists of the
rearrangement of the atoms present in
the reacting substances to give new
chemical combinations present in the
substances formed by the reaction
Is the following a chemical reaction?
H + ClH HCl + H
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and 4)
exceptions: high-energy collisions & decay processes
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Elemental Symbols
Mass number (i.e. the
number of protons
and neutrons--not
exactly the same as
the atomic mass)
goes here.
Cl
35
17
Atomic number
(number of protons)
goes here (although it
is not often included)
Isotopes
Elements identity established by atomic
number.
Different isotopes of an element differ in their
atomic masses
Due to different numbers of neutrons; e.g.,
12C has 6 protons and 6 neutrons
13
nuclide
39
40
12
1 mole = 6.0221023
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IUPAC
Atomic symbol
N.A. Standard
44
Suggested Chapter 2
Exercises
Review Questions: 3, 4, 12-18, 21-26.
Problems by Topic, Cumulative Problems,
45
Molecules, Compounds,
and all that
46
Elements and
Compounds
47
Molecules
A molecule is a neutral, discrete assembly
molecules. . .
48
49
Molecular Compounds
Consist of discrete units (molecules)
Contain more than one element
e.g. Water, H2O; hydrogen peroxide, H 2O2
etc.
connectivity of atoms
C=C
H
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Polyatomic ions
e.g. SO42-, HPO42-, CO32-
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configuration
complete valence electron shell
Main-Group Monatomic
Ions
54
Main-Group Monatomic
Ions
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Polyatomic Ions
Molecule stable if all atoms have noble gas config.
Molecular ions take charges to attain noble gas config.
Neutral NO3
O
O
N O
_
+
Nitrate: NO3e
O
O
N
O
_
_
+
Polyatomic Ions
Learn Table 3.3: names &
formulas of common
polyatomic ions
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Ionic compounds
e.g. Cu2O = copper(I) oxide
Acids
e.g. HClO4 = perchloric acid
Suggested Chapter 3
Exercises
Review Questions: 1-11.
Problems by Topic, Cumulative Problems,
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