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MCMP 407

Why Study the Autonomic Nervous System?


Medicinal
Chemistry

Pathophysiology

Therapeutics

ANS

Disease State
Management

Pharmacology

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Organization of The Nervous System


Central Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic

Peripheral Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System

Parasympathetic

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How do we define neuron types in the ANS?
Parasympathetic
O
C

CH3

Sympathetic
HO

CH3
CH2

CH2

CH3

HO

CH

Acetylcholine CH3

NH2

OH

Norepinephrine

HO
CH3
H 3C

CH2

CH2

Muscarine
N

CH3

HO

CH3

CH3
N

Nicotine

(Noradrenaline)

HO

CH

CH2

OH

Epinephrine
(Adrenaline)

NH
CH3

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Parasympathetic Ganglionic Synapse
Ca 2+

Acetylcholinesterase

Na+

ACH
Action Potential

Na
Preganglionic neuron

Nicotinic
Receptor

Postganglionic neuron

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Parasympathetic Organ Synapse
Acetylcholinesterase

Ca 2+
Effector
Organ

Na+

K+

G
Action Potential

ACH
Muscarinic
Receptor

Postganglionic neuron

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Summary of parasympathetic neurons
and synapses
Preganglionic neurons

Long
Synapse with postganglionic neurons at or near organ
Release acetylcholine (ACH) to activate nicotinic receptors on
postganglionic neurons

Postganglionic neurons

Short
Synapse on the target organ
Release acetylcholine (ACH) to activate muscarinic receptors on
the target organ

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Sympathetic Ganglionic Synapse
Ca 2+

Acetylcholinesterase

Na+

ACH
Action Potential

Na
Preganglionic neuron

Nicotinic
Receptor

Postganglionic neuron

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Sympathetic Organ Synapse
Ca 2+
Effector
Organ

Na+

Action Potential

G
NE
Adrenergic
Receptor

Postganglionic neuron

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Summary of sympathetic neurons
and synapses
Preganglionic neurons

Short
Synapse with postganglionic neurons near spinal cord
Release acetylcholine (ACH) to activate nicotinic receptors on
postganglionic neurons

Postganglionic neurons

Long
Synapse on the target organ
Release norepinephrine to activate adrenergic receptors on target
organs

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Exceptions in the sympathetic nervous system:

Sweat glands:
Postganglionic neurons
involved with stress-related
excretion release
norepinephrine (sweaty
palms)
Postganglionic neurons
involved with
thermoregulation release
acetylcholine

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Exceptions in the sympathetic nervous system:

Kidneys:
Postganglionic neurons to the

smooth muscle of the renal


vascular bed release dopamine

Adrenal gland:
Preganglionic neurons do not

synapse in the paraverterbral


sympathetic ganglion
Preganglionic neurons synapse
directly on the adrenal gland,
release acetylcholine, and
activate nicotinic receptors on
the adrenal gland
Adrenal glands release
epinephrine into systemic
circulation

Most postganglionic sympathetic


neurons release what
neurotransmitter?

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How do drugs influence the ANS?

Mimic or block the effects of the two primary neurotransmitters,


Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine/Epinephrine

Drugs that mimic neurotransmitters are referred to as receptor


agonists
These drugs activate receptors

Drugs that block neurotransmitters are referred to as receptor


antagonists
These drugs block the endogenous neurotransmitters from
activating receptors

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Classification of drugs affecting the ANS

Parasympathetic nervous system

Mimic acetylcholine = cholinergic = muscarinic agonists = parasympathomimetic


Block acetylcholine = anticholinergic = muscarinic antagonist = parasympatholytic

Sympathetic nervous system

Mimic norepinephrine = adrenergic = adrenergic agonist = sympathomimetic


Block norepinephrine = antiadrenergic = adrenergic antagonist = sympatholytic

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