THE CELL

The cell is one of the most basic units of life.

There are millions of different types of cells. All
Organisms are built from cell.
There are cells that are organisms onto
themselves, such as microscopic amoeba and
bacteria cells.

Plant cell

And there are cells that only function when part of a larger
organism, such as the cells that make up your body.
The cell is the smallest unit of life in our bodies. In the
body, there are brain cells, skin cells, liver cells, stomach
cells, and the list goes on.

Modern Cell theory can be divided into

the following Fundamental statements . .
.
Cells make up all living matter
All Cells arise from other cells
The genetic information (required
during
maintenance
and
production) passes from one
generation
to
the
other
next
generation

Major Complex Biomolecules of Cells

Bio Molecule

Building Block

Major Function

1. Protein

Amino acids

Fundamental basis of Structure

& Functions of the cell

2. DNA

Deoxyribonucleotides

Repository of Hereditary
information

3. RNA

Ribonucleotides

Required for Protein Synthesis

4. Polysaccharides
(glycogen)

Monosaccharides Energy storage form

(glucose)
to meet short term demand

5. Lipids

Fatty Acids,
Glycerol

Energy storage form

to meet long term demand
Structural components of
membranes.

Types of Cells:
The cells of the living kingdom may be
divided into two categories
Prokaryotes
(Pro-before; karyon-nucleus)
Lack a well defined nucleolus
And possess relatively simple
structure

Eukaryotes
(eu-True; karyon-nucleus)
Possess well defined nucleus
more complex in their structure
and function.

Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic Cells
Believed to be the first
cells to evolve.
Lack a membrane bound
nucleus and organelles.
Genetic material is naked
in the cytoplasm
Ribosomes are only
organelle.

Prokaryotic Cells
Cell Wall
Rigid peptidoglycan polysaccharide coat that
gives the cell shape and
surround the cytoplasmic
mem-brane. Offers
protection from
environment.

Prokaryotic Cells
Plasma Membrane

Layer of phospho-lipids
and proteins that
separates cytoplasm from
external environment.
Regulates flow of
material in and out of cell

Prokaryotic Cells
Cytoplasm
Also known as protoplasm is location of
growth, metabolism, and
replication.
Is a gel-like matrix of
water, enzymes, nutrients,
wastes, and gases and
contains cell structures.

Prokaryotic Cells
Ribosomes
Translate the genetic
code into proteins.
Free-standing and
distributed throughout
the cytoplasm.

Prokaryotic Cells
Nucleoid
Region of the cytoplasm
where chromosomal DNA
is located.
Usually a singular,
circular chromosome.
Smaller circles of DNA
called plasmids are also
located in cytoplasm.

Prokaryotic Cells
Mesosome
Infolding of cell
membrane.
Possible role in cell
division.
Increases surface area.
Photosynthetic pigments
or respiratory chains
here.

Eukaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic Cells
True nucleus; contained
in a membrane bound
structure.
Membrane bound
organelles.
Thought to have evolved
from prokaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic Cells
Has a considerable degree of
internal structure with a large
number of distinctive
membrane enclosed having
specific functions.
Nucleus is the site for
informational components
collectively called Chromatin

Eukaryotic Cells

Sexual reproduction involves

both mitosis & meiosis

The respiratory site is the

Mitochondria

In the plant cell the site of

conservation of radiant
energy to chemical energy is
the Chloroplast

Plant Cells

Plant Cells
Central vacuole
often found in the center of a plant, and serves as a storage
facility for water and other materials

Cell wall
primary walls laid down while cell is growing
middle lamella glues cells together
secondary walls inside the primary cell walls after growth

Differences between Prokaryotic &

Eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic Cell

Eukaryotic Cell

1. Smaller in Size 1 to 10m

1. Large in size 10 to100m or more

2. Mainly unicellular

2. Mainly multicellular(with few

exception)

3. Single membrane, surrounded

3. Lipid bilayer membrane with

protein

by rigid cell wall

4. Anaerobic or aerobic

4. Aerobic

5. Not well defined nucleus, only

a nuclear zone with DNA

5. Nucleus well defined, 4 to 6m in

diameter, contains DNA and
surrounded by a nuclear membrane

6. No nuclei

6. Nucleolus present, rich in RNA

Differences
Prokaryotic Cell
08. Ribosomes present free in
cytoplasm

Eukaryotic Cell
08. Ribosomes present on outer
surface of endoplasmic reticulum

09. Mitochondria absent

09. Mitochondria present

Power House of the Cell

10. Enzymes bound to

membrane

10. Enzymes are located in

Mitochondria

11. Golgi apparatus absent

12. Lysosomes, Cytoskeleton
absent

11. Golgi apparatus present

12. Lysosomes, Cytoskeleton
present

13. Cell division by usually by

fission, No mitosis

13. Cell division by mitosis

14. RNA & Protein synthesis in

same compartment

14. RNA synthesized and processed

in nucleus.