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Lecture 1 A
Planning of Bridges
Dr. Shahzad Rahman
Bridge Planning
Traffic Studies
Hydrotechnical Studies
Geotechnical Studies
Environmental Considerations
Alternatives for Bridge Type
Economic Feasibility
Bridge Selection and Detailed Design
Traffic Studies
r
Rive
New Bridge
City Center
Traffic Studies
Traffic studies need to be carried out to
ascertain the amount of traffic that will
utilize the New or Widened Bridge
This is needed to determine Economic
Feasibility of the Bridge
For this Services of a Transportation
Planner and or Traffic Engineer are
Required
Such Studies are done with help of Traffic
Software such as TransCAD, EMME2 etc.
Traffic Studies
Traffic Studies should provide following
information
Traffic on Bridge immediately after opening
Amount of traffic at various times during life of the
Bridge
Traffic Mix i.e. number of motorcars, buses, heavy
trucks and other vehicles
Effect of the new link on existing road network
Predominant Origin and Destination of traffic that will
use the Bridge
Strategic importance of the new/improved Bridge
Hydrotechnical Studies
A thorough understanding of the river and
river regime is crucial to planning of Bridge
over a river
Hydrotechnical Studies should include:
Topographic Survey 2km upstream and
2km downstream for small rivers including
Longitudinal section and X-sections
For big rivers 5kms U/S and 2kms D/S
should be surveyed
Navigational Requirements
Hydrotechnical Studies
Scale of the topographic map
1:2000 for small rivers
1:5000 for large rivers
Hydrotechnical Studies
Catchment Area Map
Scale recommended
1:50,000 or
1:25,000
Hydrotechnical Studies
Hydrotechnical Studies
Hydrotechnical Studies
Hydrological Data
Following Hydrological Data should be
collected:
Rainfall Data from Rain Gauge Stations in
the Catchment Area
Isohyetal Map of the Catchment Area
showing contours of Annual Rainfall
Hydrographs of Floods at River Gauge
Stations
Flow Velocities
Sediment Load in River Flow during floods
Hydrologic Data
Hydrologic Data
Hydrologic Data
Stream/River Characteristics
Slope of the river
Baseline flow in the river
River Regulation Facilities/ Dams, Barrages on the river
Q 825 A
Q = Discharge in Cusecs
A = Catchment Area in Sq. Miles
3/ 4
Inglis Formula
7000 A
Q
A4
Ryves Formula
Q C A2 / 3
C = 450 for areas within 15 miles off coast
560 between 15 100 miles off coast
probability
QP QM K Tr Q
Q
QP = Discharge Associated with Probability of Occurrence P
QM = Mean Discharge over the data set
Q = Standard Deviation of the Discharge data set
KTr = Frequency factor corresponding to Probability of Occurrence P
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
Year
(No.)
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Sample Pts = n =
Mean Qm = M
Sum of Squares =
Variance =
Standard Deviation =
(Xi - Xavg)
( n
(cumecs2)
-3.1
-8.1
11.9
21.9
-0.1
-9.1
-11.1
-6.1
1.9
-8.1
-2.1
-8.1
24
23.125
1
(x
n 1
x )2
2
1 )
Coefficient of Variation = Cv = /M =
3
Skewness Coefficient = SC = 3 Cv + Cv =
Input Return Period (Years) = Tr =
Probability = p = 1/ Tr
Flood Estimate = Qt =
Ranked Flow
(Decending
Order)
9.8
66.0
141.0
478.5
0.0
83.3
123.8
37.5
3.5
66.0
4.5
66.0
18
17
17
16
16
15
15
15
14
14
13
12
2638.6
114.72
10.71
0.463
1.49
100
0.01
Input Value
Rank
R
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
1.85
1.71
1.60
1.50
1.41
1.33
1.26
1.20
1.14
1.09
1.04
1.00
ln
100
0.01
w=
Input Value
3.03485528
Tr
KTr =
Flood Estimate = Qt =
0 . 001308
2.32678649
Q Q
t
Ktr
48.05 Cumecs
Qt =
10
probability
ln QP ln QM K Tr ln Q
Log Q or Ln Q
lnQP = Log of Discharge Associated with Probability of Occurrence P
lnQM = Mean of Log Discharge over the data set
lnQ = Standard Deviation of the Log of Discharge data set
KTr = Frequency factor corresponding to Probability of Occurrence P
QP = Antilog (ln QP) = Discharge Associated with Probability of Occurrence P
80
D ischarge (cumecs)
70
60
50
40
Observed Discharge
Log. (Observed Discharge)
30
20
y = 12.724Ln(x) + 11.733
10
0
1
10
100
Trendline Equation is
Qt = 12.724 Ln(Tr) + 11.213
For Return
Qt =
For Return
Qt =
Period Tr =
12.724 Ln (50) + 11.213 =
Period Tr =
12.724 Ln (100) + 11.213 =
50 yrs
61.0
cumecs
69.8
cumecs
100 yrs
Q C IT A
Q = Design Discharge
IT = Average rainfall intensity (in/hr) for some recurrence interval, T
during that period of time equal to Tc.
Tc = Time of Concentration
A = Area of the catchment in Sq. miles
C = Runoff coefficient; fraction of runoff, expressed as a
dimensionless decimal fraction, that appears as surface runoff
from the contributing drainage area.
Run-off Coefficient C
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.90 0.70
Residential areas
0.70 0.50
0.50
Loam
0.40 0.30
0.30
Sandy soils
0.1 0.20
Jungle area
0.10 0.25
0.25 - 0.50
Geotechnical Studies
Geotechnical Studies should provide the
following Information:
The types of Rocks, Dips, Faults and
Fissures
Subsoil Ground Water Level, Quality,
Artesian Conditions if any
Location and extent of soft layers
Identification of hard bearing strata
Physical properties of soil layers
Geotechnical Studies
Geotechnical Studies
Example: Cross section of the Kansas River, west of Silver Lake, Kansas
Typical Borehole
Seismic Considerations
Environmental Considerations
Impact on Following Features of Environment need to
considered:
River Ecology which includes:
Marine Life
Wildlife along river banks
Riverbed
Flora and fauna along river banks
Impact upon dwellings along the river if any
Impact upon urban environment if the bridge in an
urban area
Possible impact upon archeological sites in vicinity
Construction
Stage
Project Start
Date
Benefits Stream
Project Life
Project Life
End Date
Salvage
Value
Costs Stream
Time
Project Life
Project
Life End
Date
Time
Salvage
Value
Construction
Stage
Project
Start Date
Problem:
Benefits Stream
Costs Stream
100 95
Discount Rate d
5.0%
100
100 95
Interest Rate i
5.26%
95
Interest Rate and Discount Rate are Related as Follows
i
Discount Rate d
i i2
1i
Discount Rate
Thus Discount Rate is that rate which can be
used to obtain the Present Value of Money that
is spent or collected in future
Cost/ Benefit Projected
Cn
Co
Project
Start Date
Benefits
Stream
Costs
Stream
Backward
Year n
Time
Bo
Bn
Project
Life
Cost Considerations
Costs
Present Worth
Initial Cost
Rehabilitation Cost
Salvag
e Costs
Maintenance and
Inspection
Cost
Years
Salvag
e Value
(1 d )
0
L
(1 d )
0
Bn
Cn
pwf (1 d )
PW = FC +
t=0
PW
FC
t
MC
IC
FRC
UC
S
pwf
Maintenance Costs
Annual cost associated with the upkeep of the
structure
Information is difficult to obtain for a given
project
Cost varies on the basis of size of the structure
(sqft)
Best Guess Values
Frequency - Annual
Concrete
0.05 % of Initial Cost
Structural Steel 0.05 % of Initial Cost
Inspection Costs
Should be taken for all alternatives preferably
every two years
Cost varies on the basis of size of the structure
(sqft) and by construction material
Best Guess Values
Frequency - Biannual
Concrete
0.15 % of Initial Cost
Structural Steel 0.20 % of Initial Cost
Salvage Value/Costs
Occurs once at end of life of structure
Difference between
Removal cost
Salvage value
Best Guess Values
Removal cost 10 % of Initial Cost
Salvage Value Concrete - 0 % of Initial Cost
Salvage Value Structural Steel - 2 % of Initial Cost