Course : 7073T - Research

Methodology

Introduction to Research
Session 1

Dr. Bens Pardamean

Definition of Research
Hunting for facts or truth about subjects
Organized scientific investigations to solved
problems, test hypotheses, developed or invent
new products

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What is Research

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Research Process in Flow Chart

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High Quality Research

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Then, What is Bad Research

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Objective of Research

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Why do you need research?

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Motivation of Research

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Type of Research

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Descriptive vs Analytical
Applied vs Fundamental
Quantitative vs Qualitative
Conceptual vs Empirical
Some other type of Research

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Research:
Explorative : identifying variables, factors, structure,
pattern, etc. of a new havent been research
phenomenon

Article : Story telling/Reporting type

Descriptive : describing the characteristics of the
variables

Article : Reporting/description
Hypothesis : Finding new truth or theory or thesis

Article
Argumentative
Writing
is the :ultimate
goal of any research

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Research Approach

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Hypotheses
To test whether the relationships that have been
theorized hold true, it is able to obtain reliable
information on what kinds of relationships exist
among the variables operating in the problem
situation.
The results of these tests offer some clues as to what
could be changes in the situation to solve the problem.
Formulating such testable statements is called
hypotheses development.

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Definition of Hypothesis
Hypothesis can be defined as a logically
conjectured relationship between two or
more variables expressed in the form of a
testable statement.
Example:
If the pilots are given adequate training to handle midair
crowded situations, air-safety violations will be reduced.

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The Hypotheses and Research Method

Not every single research needs hypotheses.
Either exploratory study or descriptive study
tends not to formulate hypotheses
Type of research that do needs hypotheses are
those that can be classified into quantitative
research.

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Statement of Hypotheses: Format

If-Then Statement
A hypothesis can also test whether there are differences
between two groups with respect to any variable. To
examine whether the difference exist. These hypotheses
can be set either as propositions or in the form of if-then
statements.
Examples:
Employees who are more healthy will take sick leave less frequently
If employees are more healthy, then they will take sick leave less
frequently

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Directional and Nondirectional

Hypotheses

Directional Hypothesis
The hypotheses are directional because the direction
of the relationship between the variables (positive,
negative, more than, less than) is indicated.
Example:

Women are more motivated than men

The greater the stress experienced in the job,
the lower the job satisfaction of the employees

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 Nondirectional hypothesis
Nondirectional hypotheses are those that do postulate
relationships or differences, but do not indicate the
direction of these relationships or differences.
Example:

There is a relationship between age and job

satisfaction
There is a difference between the work ethic
values of American and Asian employees.

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Null and Alternate Hypotheses

The null hypotheses is a proposition that states
a definitive, exact relationship between two
variables.
In general, the null statement is expressed as no
(significant) relationship between two variables or
no (significant) differences between two groups.
The alternate hypothesis is a statement
expressing a relationship between two variables
or indicating differences between groups.

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Examples:
Women are motivated than men
Ho: M =W .orHo: M - W = 0
HA: M <W .or.. HA: W > M

M is the mean motivational level of the

men, and W is the mean motivational level
for women.

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H10: There will be no difference between men and women in their perceived inequities
H1A: Women will perceive more equity than men (or men will perceive less equity than women)
H20: The job satisfaction of individuals will be the same irrespective of the shift they work (1,2 or
3)
H2A: The job satisfaction of individuals will not be the same (will vary) depending on which shift
they work
H30: There will be no difference in the intention to leave of employees at the five different job
levels
H3A: The intention to leave of members at the five different job levels will not be the same
H40: Shifts worked and employment status will be independent
H4A: There will be a relationship between the shifts that people work and their employment
status
H50:The four independent variables will not significantly explain the variance in intention to
leave
H5A: The four independent variables will significantly explain the variance in intention to leave

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The Steps to be Followed in Hypothesis

Testing
State the null and the alternate hypotheses
Choose the appropriate statistical test depending
on whether the data collected are parametric or
non parametric
Determine the level of significance desired
See if the output results from computer analysis
indicate that the significance level is met
When the resultant value is larger than the critical
value, the null hypothesis is rejected and the
alternate is accepted, vice versa

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References
1. Chotari, C. R. Research Methodology Methods and
Techniques, 2nd Edition, 2004, New Age International
Publisher
2. Marczyk G., DeMatteo D., & Festinger D. Essentials of
Research Design and Methodology, 2005, John Wiley
3. Sekaran, U. Research Methods for Business, a Skill Building
Approach Fourth Edition, 2004, John Wiley

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