Sikkim Manipal University

Programme : Master of Computer Applications (MCA)

Android Technology
Name : Suchetan Dey
Roll No: 1302000403

Contents
History
Introduction of android
Android Versions
Android Architecture
Android development
Introduction of Some gadgets
Security
Android S/W Stack Application
Android S/W Stack App Framework (Cont)
Features of Android
Advantages of Android
Disadvantages of Android
Conclusion

History of Android

This OS is created by Google specifically for use on mobile devices.

Android, inc was founded in Palo Alto, California in October 2003 by Andy
Rubin

(CO-founder

of

danger),

Rich

Miner

(CO-founder

of

wildfire

communication Inc.), Nick Sears (Once VP at T-mobile) and Chris White

(headed design and interface development at web TV) to develop. Google
acquired Android Inc. on August 17,2005 for 50 million $

What is Android
Android is an open source operating system, designed primarily for touch screen
devices, such a Smartphone's and tablet computers.
Android is based on Linux kernel
Can be programmed in C/C++ but most app development is done in Java (Java
access to C Libraries via JNI (Java Native Interface))
Developed by Google and later the Open Handset Alliance (OHA)
Allow writing managed code in the java language
Android has its own machine i.e. DVM(Dalvik Virtual Machine) which is used for
executing the android program.

The first android phone was HTC G1.

Google purchased the initial developer of the software, Android incorporated in

2005.
Supports Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and 3G and 4G networking

Open Handset Alliance (OHA)

The Open Handset Alliance (OHA) is a
business alliance of firm to develop open
standard for mobile devices.
Devoted to advancing open standards for
mobile devices.
Develop technologies will significantly
lower the cost of developing and
distributing mobile devices and services.

Open Handset Alliance (OHA) Included Several Companies

OHA (Open Handset

Alliance)
A business alliance consisting of 47 companies
to develop open standards for mobile devices

Android Version

Android Version
Cupcake (1.5)
Donut (1.6)
Eclair (2.02.1)
Froyo (2.22.2.3)
Gingerbread (2.32.3.7)
Honeycomb (3.03.2.6)
Ice Cream Sandwich (4.04.0.4)
Jelly Bean (4.14.3.1)
KitKat (4.44.4.4, 4.4W4.4W.2)
Lollipop (5.05.1.1)

Android Application Development

Android is an open software platform for mobile development.

Operating System

www.android.com

Middleware

Applications

Developer.android.com

Android Architecture
The Software Stack is split into Four Layers . Those are Following :

The Application Layer

The Application Framework

The libraries and runtime

The Kernel

Linux Kernel

The architecture is based on the Linux2.6 Kernel.

This layer is core of android architecture. It provides service like

power management,

Memory management, security etc.

It helps in software or hardware binding for better communication.

Native Libraries

Native Libraries
Android has its own libraries, which is written in C/C++. These
libraries cannot be accessed directly. With the help of
application framework we can access these libraries. There are
many libraries like web libraries to access web browsers,
libraries for android and video formats etc.

Android Run Time

Android Runtime
Core Libraries
Dalvik Virtual Machine

The Android Runtime was designed specifically for Android to

meet the needs of running in an embedded environment where
you have limited battery, limited memory, limited CPU.
Dalvik is the process virtual machine in Googles android
operating system. It is the software that runs apps on android
devices. Dalvik is thus an integral part of android, which is
typically used on mobile devices such as mobile phones and
tablet computers.

Android Run Time

Programs are commonly written in java and compiled to byte

code.
This is in the first box meaning that its written in the Java
programming languages.
The Core library contains all of the collection classes, utilities, IO, all
the utilities and tools that youve come to expected to use.

Android development

Android
Manifest
Resource
XML

Java
Source
Generate
d Class
Android
Libraries

Java
Compiler

.dex
File

Dalvik
VM

Android Devices
Phones

HTC G1,
Droid,
Tattoo

Suno S880

Motorola Droid (X)

Samsung Galaxy

Sony Ericsson

Tablets

Velocity Micro Cruz

Dawa D7

Gome FlyTouch

Toshiba Android
SmartBook

Acer beTouch

Cisco Android Tablet

19

Security
Android is a multi-process system, in which each application (and

parts of the system) runs in its on process. Most security between

applications and the system is enforced at the process level through
Linux facilities such as user and group IDs that are assigned to
applications.
Android is designed having multi layer security which provides

flexibility for this platform. When attackers attempt attack on device,

android platform platform help to reduce the portability of the
attack.
There are key components of android security which are described

as follows:

Android S/W Stack - Application

Android provides a set of core applications:

Email Client
SMS Program
Calendar
Maps
Browser
Contacts
Etc

All applications are written using the Java language.

Android S/W Stack App Framework (Cont)

Features
Feature

Role

View
System

Used to build an application, including lists, grids, text

boxes, buttons, and embedded web browser

Content
Provider

Enabling applications to access data from other

applications or to share their own data

Resource
Manager

Providing access to non-code resources (localized strings,

graphics, and layout files)

Notification
Manager

Enabling all applications to display customer alerts in the

status bar

Activity
Manager

Managing the lifecycle of applications and providing

a common navigation backstack

@2011 Mihail L. Sichitiu

22

Android S/W Stack - Libraries

Including a set of C/C++ libraries

used by components of the Android
system
Exposed to developers through the
Android application framework
@2011 Mihail L. Sichitiu

23

Android S/W Stack Runtime (Cont)

Dalvik Virtual Machine

Providing environment on which every
Android application runs
Each Android application runs in its own
process, with its own instance of the Dalvik
VM.
Dalvik has been written such that a device
can run multiple VMs efficiently.

Register-based virtual machine

Features of Android
Background Wi-Fi location still runs even when Wi-Fi
is turned of
Developer login and analyzing enhancements
It is optimized for mobile devices.
It is enables reuse and replacement of components.
Java support, media support, multi touch, video
calling, multi tasking, voice based features screen
capture, camera, bluetooth, gps, compass and
accelrometer, 3G, 4G

25

Android Advantages

The ability for anyone to customize the Google Android

platform.

It gives you batter notification.

It lets you choose your hardware.

It has better app market.

A more mature platform.

With the support of many applications the user can

change the screen display.

With Google chrome you can open many window at once.

Supports all Google services: Android operating system

supports all of the Google services ranging from Gmail to
Google reader. All Google services can you have with one
operating system, namely Android.

26

Android Disadvantages

Android Market is less control of the manager, sometimes

there are malware.

Wasteful Batteries, This is because the OS is a lot of

process in the background causing the battery quickly drains.

Sometimes slow device company issued an official version

of Android your own.

Extremely inconsistence in design among apps.

Very unstable and often hang or crash.