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Contents
Concepts of Monitoring
Guidelines of Monitoring
Status of Monitoring
I. Concepts of Monitoring
WHAT
WHAT
WHY
WHY
HOW
HOW
MONITORING
WHEN
WHEN
WHERE
WHERE
Monitoring What
All radioactive effluents to the environment
Two broad source types at NPPs
Point source : stacks and ducts
Nonpoint source : all other sources
Monitoring Why
For evaluation
the environmental impact
the potential annual radiation doses to the public
adequacy and performance of containment, waste
treatment methods, and effluent controls
To ascertain
regulatory requirements and LCO have been met
concentrations have been kept ALARA
Monitoring When
Continuously or periodically
At all conditions of reactor operation
Normal
Off-normal
Anticipated operational occurrences
Post-accident
NUREG-0800
11.5
Table 1
Monitoring How
Combination of direct measurement, sample
extraction, and analysis
Sample extraction is performed with sampling
system
Sampling system is very useful, but there are a lot
of complexities for getting representative samples
Sampling System
Generic Sampling System (from ANSI N13.1-1999)
ANSI N13.1-1969
1981 NRC : SRP 11.5 ver.3 - ANSI N13.1(1969)
ANSI N13.1-1999
2000 DOE : present DOE Position to EPA No supporting complete retrofitting &replacement
of all existing monitoring devices
2007 NRC : SRP 11.5 ver.4 - ANSI N13.1(1999)
Deficiency in USEPA(1993b)
USEPA(1993b) require that sampling should be done
at least 5 - 8 diameters downstream from a
disturbance and at least 2 diameters upstream flow
disturbances
Techniques is clear, but no criteria
Assumption : the degree of flow development and
mixing are directly related to the distance from
disturbance
This, unfortunately, is not necessarily true
Deficiency in USEPA(1993a) - 1
USEPA(1993a) assumes nothing about flow
development and mixing and calls out ANSI
recommendations for probe design
However, other characteristics of the bulk effluent (i.e.,
the degree of flow development and particulate
mixing) are also critical to determine the design
requirements of the probe
ANSI N13.1(1969) provides guidance for particulate
sampling probes that utilize a multinozzle array to
accomodate any deficiencies in the flow development
or mixing
Deficiency in USEPA(1993a) 2
This scheme has a
significant drawback
As additional nozzles are
added, the loss of
particles increase due to
impaction in the small
nozzle inlet and tube
bends
Depending upon the
density of the particulates
at a ratio 2.0, particulates
are underestimated by 10
to 50%
ANSI N13.1-1999
ANSI N13.1-1999 compensate the deficiencies in
USEPA(1993a) and USEPA(1993b)
ANSI N13.1-1999 is a performance-based standard
rather than the prescriptive 1969 version
To assure a representative sample is collected, the
standard established required sampling system
performance criteria
Design Differences
Status of sampling system at 4 units has been
surveyed during regular inspection in 2007
Considerable matters are listed :
the ratio of effluent/sample flow rate ranges from 10000
to 100000
unbalance seems to exist among the components
transport line seems too long, lots of bends
information related sampling location, nozzle, and
transport line for old system is absent
no total procedures to maintain sampling system
no method to inspect the inner sampling site
Data Comparability
Uniform method can provide a uniform basis for
data comparison from the different facilities
Uniform method can be maintained with
Periodic inspections of nozzle, transport lines, sample
and effluent flowmeters shall be conducted
Periodic calibrations of effluent and sample
flowmeters, CAMs, and sample analysis
instrumentation shall be conducted
Under Tasks
New plants under
construction in Korea are
planning to use ANSI
N13.1-1999
The performance criteria
of ANSI N13.1-1999 have
been studied to impose
on the existing facilities