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Group Members
Graphics language
Describe a shape (mainly).
Word language
Describe an exact size,
location and specification
of the object.
Graphics
language
Geometric
construction
Line Types
Projection
method
Lettering
Thick
Thin
Visible line
Continuous
Dash
Chain
1. Dimension line
2. Extension line
3. Leader line
Hidden line
Center line
1. Visible line
2. Dimension line
Extension line
Leader line
3. Hidden line
4. Center line
Visible Lines
Hidden Lines
Break Lines
Center Lines
Phantom Lines
Dimension Lines
Section Lines
Cutting Planes
Lines
Extension Lines
Leader Lines
Visible/Object Lines
Dark, heavy lines.
Used to represent the outline or contour of the object
being drawn.
Define features you can see in a particular view.
Hidden Lines
Light, narrow, short, dashed lines.
Shows the outline of a feature that can not be seen in
a particular view.
Used to help clarify a feature, but can be omitted if
they clutter a drawing.
Section Lines
Thin line usually drawn at a 45 degree angle.
Indicates the material that has been cut through in a
sectional view.
Sectio
n Line
Center Lines
Thin line consisting of alternating long and short
dashes.
Used to represent the center of round or cylindrical
features, or the symmetry of a feature.
Dimension Lines
Thin lines capped on the ends with arrowheads and
broken along their length to provide a space for the
dimension numeral.
They indicate length.
Extension Lines
Thin lines used to establish the extent of a dimension.
Can also be used to show extension of a surface to a
theoretical intersection as shown in (b).
Begin 1.5mm from the object and extend to 3mm
beyond the last dimension.
They should not cross dimension lines.
Leader Lines
Thin lines used to connect a specific note to a feature.
Also used to direct dimensions, symbols, item number and
part numbers on a drawing.
Commonly drawn at 45, 30 and 60 degrees.
Has a short shoulder (3-6mm) at one end beginning at the
center of the vertical height of text, and a standard
dimension arrowhead at the other end touching the feature.
Arrowheads
Used to terminate dimension lines and leader lines and on
cutting-plane lines and viewing plane lines.
They should be three times as long as they are wide.
They should be the same size throughout the drawing.
The filled arrowhead is generally preferred because of its
clarity.
Break Lines
Used to break out sections for clarity or for shortening
a part.
Three types of break lines with different line weights:
a) Short Breaks.
b) Long Breaks.
c) Cylindrical Breaks.
Phantom Lines
Thin lines made up of long dashes alternating with
pairs of short dashes.
Three purposes in drawings
a) To show the alternate position of moving parts.
b) To show the relationship of parts that fit together.
c) To show repeated detail.
Example 1
Example 2
Types of Lettering
The two types of lettering are:
1.Double Stroke Lettering.
2.Single Stroke Lettering.
Application of Lettering
Lettering in Engineering Drawings is used in writing
Title Blocks which play a crucial role in drawings, they
are used to record all of the important information
necessary for the working drawings. A HB Pencil is used.
What does the Title Block contain?
Guidelines
Extremely light horizontal lines that are necessary to regulate
the height of letters.
In addition, light vertical or inclined guidelines are needed to
keep the letters uniformly vertical or inclined.
Guidelines are absolutely essential for good lettering.
Guidelines are drawn using Hard (2H to 4H) Lead Pencils with
light pressure. HB grade conical end pencils are used for
lettering.
Main Title
5mm, 7mm,
10mm
Sub-Title
3.5mm, 5mm
Dimensions,
Notes etc.
2.5mm, 3.5mm,
5mm
c2
c2
h
c1
c2
c3
Slanted
Horizontal
Curved
Examples
I letter
1
A letter
2
B letter
1
3
3
2
Order of Strokes
Stroking is done based on the slope of each letter and
the strokes vary with order and direction.
Curved line
letters
&
Numerals
Stroking Groups
The I-H-T Group
The letter I is The Foundation Stroke.
The top of T is drawn first to the full width of the
square and the stem is started accurately at its
mid point.
I
Stroking Groups
The L-E-F Group
The L is made in two strokes.
The first two strokes of the E are the same for
the L, the third or the upper stoke is lightly
shorter than the lower and the last stroke is the
third as long as the lower.
F has the same proportion as E.
L
Stroking Groups
The V-A-K Group
V is the same width as A, the A bridge is one
third up from the bottom.
The second stroke of K strikes stem one third up
from the bottom and the third stroke branches
from it.
V
Stroking Groups
The M-W Group
Are the widest letters.
M may be made in consecutive strokes of the
two verticals as of N.
W is made with two Vs.
M
Stroking Groups
The O-Q-C-G Group
The O families are made as full circles and made
in two strokes with the left side a longer arc than
the right.
A large size C and G can be made more
accurately with an extra stroke at the top.
Stroking Groups
The O-Q-C-G Group (cont.)
Stroking Groups
The D-U-J Group
The top and bottom stokes of D must be
horizontal, fail line to observe this is a common
fault with beginners
U is formed by two parallel strokes to which the
bottom stroke be added.
J has the same construction as U, with the first
stroke omitted.
D
Note:- The
bottom stroke
in J is drawn
once, and not
twice as
shown in the
animation.
Stroking Groups
The P-R-B Group
The number of stokes depends up on the size of
the letter.
The middle line of P and R are on centerline of
the vertical line.
P
Stroking Groups
The N-Z-X-Y Group
The parallel sides of N are generally drawn first.
Z is drawn without lifting the pen. Z and X are both
started inside the width of the square on top and run to
full width on the bottom.
N
The bottom of 2 and top of 5 and 7 should be straight lines. For 2 the reverse curve should cross
the center of the space. The ampersand (&) is made of three strokes.
The figures are two-thirds the height of the whole numbers, with a clear
space above and below the line, making the total height of the fraction nearly
twice the cap height (h).
Sample Video
(showing single stoking in lettering)
Spacing
Uniformity in spacing of letters is a matter of
equalizing
spaces by eye.
The background area between letters, not the distance
between them, should be approximately equal.
Words are spaced well apart, but letters within words
should be spaced closely.
L IN E S
LET T ERS
For either upper case or lower-case lettering, make the
spaces between words approximately equal to a capital O.
Avoid spacing letters too far apart and words too close
Types of Spacing
DRAWING
Contour
: OO, OG etc.
6. slant-slant
: VW, VX etc.
7. The L and T
: LT
Lettering Uniformity
ENGINEERING DRAWINGS
LEtTErING
LE
TTERING
LETTERING
LETTERING
LET T E R ING
References
French, T. E., (1918). A MANUAL OF
ENGINEERING DRAWING FOR STUDENTS
AND DRAFTSMEN. London: Hill Publishing
Co., Ltd.
Engineering Drawing Fundamentals:
Introduction to Engineering Drawing.
Retrieved from
http://pioneer.netserv.chula.ac.th/~kjirapon
/lecture-note.html.
Madsen D. A., Madsen D. P., (2011).
ENGINEERING DRAWING & DESIGN, Fifth
Edition. New York: Cengage Learning.
Reddy K. V., (2008). TEXTBOOK OF
ENGINEERING DRAWING. Hyderabad: BS
Publications.
THE END