The Reproductive System

CHAPTER
27
The Reproductive
System
2011TheMcGrawHillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.
27-2
Learning Outcomes
27.1 List the organs of the male reproductive
system and give the locations, structures,
and functions of each.
27.2 Describe how sperm cells are formed.
27.3 Describe the substances found in semen.
27.4 Describe the process of erection and
ejaculation.
27-3
Learning Outcomes (cont.)

27.5 List the actions of testosterone.
27.6 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms,
and treatment of various disorders of the
male reproductive system.
27.7 List the organs of the female reproductive
system and give the locations, structures,
and functions of each.
27.8 Explain how ova develop.
27-4

27.9
List the actions of estrogen and

progesterone.
27.10 Explain how and when ovulation occurs.

27.11 Describe what happens to an ovum after
ovulation occurs.
27.12 List the purpose and events of the
menstrual cycle.
27.13 Define menopause and explain what
causes it.
27-5

27.14
Describe the causes, signs and symptoms,

and treatments of various disorders of the
female reproductive system.
27.15
Explain how and where fertilization occurs.
27.16
Describe the process of implantation.
27.17
Explain the difference between an embryo

and a fetus.
27-6

27.18
Describe the changes that occur in a

woman during pregnancy.
27.19
List several birth control methods and

explain why they are effective.
27.20
List the causes of and treatments for

infertility.
27.21
Describe the causes, signs and symptoms,

and treatments of the most common
sexually transmitted diseases.
27-7
Introduction
Male and female reproductive systems
Function together to produce offspring
Female reproductive system nurtures
developing offspring
Produce important hormones
27-8
Male Reproductive System
Testes
Primary organs
Develop in the abdominal
pelvic cavity of fetus
Scrotum sac that holds

the testes
Seminiferous tubules
On top of testes
Descend into scrotal sac

shortly before or after birth
Filled with spermatogenic

cells that produce sperm
cells
Produce the male sex cells

(sperm)
Produce the male hormone
testosterone
Interstitial cells produce

testosterone
Male
System
27-10
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogonia (46 chromosomes)

Mitosis makes primary spermatocytes
Undergo meiosis two secondary spermatocytes
Divides two spermatids = 4 spermatids
Develop flagella to become mature sperm cells
with 23 chromosomes
27-11
Sperm Cells
Head
Nucleus with 23
chromosomes
Acrosome enzymefilled sac
Tail
Flagellum that propels
sperm forward
Helps sperm penetrate

ovum
Midpiece
Mitochrondria that
generate cells energy
27-13
Male
Internal Accessory
Organs
Epididymis
Seminal
vesicle
Sits on top of each testis
Receives spermatids from
seminiferous tubules
Spermatids become
sperm cells
Vas deferens
Tube connected to
epididymis
Carries sperm cells to
urethra
Secrete
Fluid rich in sugar used to
make energy
Prostaglandins
stimulate muscular
contractions in female to
propel sperm forward
Seminal fluid
Released into vas
deferens just before
ejaculation
60% of semen volume
Male
System
27-14
Male Internal Accessory Organs (cont.)

Prostate gland
Surrounds urethra
Produces and secretes a
milky, alkaline fluid into
urethra just before
ejaculation
Fluid protects sperm in the
acidic environment of the
vagina
40% of semen
Bulbourethral
(Cowpers) glands
Produce a mucus-like fluid
Secreted just before
ejaculation
Lubricates end of penis
Semen
Alkaline mixture
Nutrients
Prostaglandins
1.5 to 5.0 ml per ejaculate

Sperm count of 40 to 250
million/mL
Male
System
27-15
Male External Accessory Organs

Scrotum
Penis
Holds testes away from

body
Shaft
Temperature 1 below body

temperature
Glans penis
Lined with serous

membrane that secrets
fluid
Prepuce
Testes move freely
Erectile tissues surround

urethra
Cone-shaped structure on
end of penis
Skin covering glans penis
in uncircumcised males
Functions
Deliver sperm
Urination
Male
System
27-16
Erection, Orgasm, and Ejaculation

Erection
Parasympathetic nervous system stimulates erectile tissue
Becomes engorged with blood
Orgasm
Sperm cells propelled out of testes into urethra
Secretions from accessory organs also released into urethra
Ejaculation
Semen is forced out of urethra
Sympathetic nerves then stimulate erectile tissue to release
blood
Penis returns to flaccid state
27-17
Male Reproductive Hormones

Hypothalamus
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Stimulates anterior pituitary to release
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) initiates
spermatogenesis
Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates interstitial cells
in the testes to produce testosterone
Testosterone
Secondary sex characteristics
Maturation of male reproductive organs
Regulated by negative feedback
27-18
Apply Your Knowledge

Matching:
ANSWER:
___
D Vasectomy
A. Spermatogenesis
___
F Mixture of sperm and fluids
B. Testes
A Sperm cell formation

___
C. Penis
___
G Secrete alkaline fluid/prostaglandins
D. Vas deferens
B Produce testosterone
___
E. Hypothalamus
E GnRH
___
F. Semen
C Erectile tissue
___
G. Seminal vesicle
27-19
Diseases and Disorders of the Male

Reproductive System
Disease/Disorder
Description
Benign prostatic
hypertrophy (BPH)
Nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland;

common in older men
Epididymitis
Inflammation of an epididymis; usually starts as

an urinary tract infection
Impotence or erectile Disorder in which erection cannot be achieved or

dysfunction (ED)
maintained; about 50% of males between 40 and
70 have some degree of ED
27-20
Diseases and Disorders of the Male

Reproductive System
Disease/Disorder
Description
Prostate cancer
Most common form of cancer in men over 40;

risks of developing it increase with age
Prostatitis
Inflammation of the prostate gland; may be acute

or chronic
Testicular cancer
Malignant growth in one or both testicles; more

common in males 1530 years; more aggressive
malignancy
27-21

Your patient has an elevated PSA. What is a PSA
and what does it indicate?
ANSWER: The PSA is a prostate-specific antigen in
the blood. Elevations of the PSA may indicate
prostate cancer.
27-22
Female Reproductive System

Ovaries (2)
Primary sex organs produce
Sex cells called ova
Hormones estrogen and progesterone
Located in the pelvic cavity

Medulla
Inner area; contains nerves, lymphatic vessels, and blood
vessels
Cortex
Outer area; contains ovarian follicles
Covered by epithelial and dense connective tissues
Female
System
27-24
Ovum Formation (cont.)

Primordial follicles
develop before birth and
contain
A primary oocyte or
immature ovum (born with
maximum number)
Follicular cells
Oogenesis is the process

of ovum formation
At puberty, primary oocytes
are stimulated to continue
meiosis
Becomes 1 polar body (a
nonfunctional cell) and
A secondary oocyte
Secondary oocyte released

during ovulation
If fertilized, the oocyte
divides to form a mature,
fertilized ovum
27-25
Female Internal Accessory Organs

Fallopian tube oviduct
Infundibulum and fimbriae
Fringed, expanded end of fallopian tube near ovary
Function to catch an ovum
Muscular tube
Lined with mucous membrane and cilia
Propels ovum toward uterus
Internal Accessory
Organs
27-26
Female Internal Accessory Organs (cont.)

Uterus
Hollow, muscular
organ
Receives embryo and
sustains its
development
Divisions
Fundus domed upper
portion
Body main portion
Cervix narrow, lower
section extending into
vagina (cervical
orifice)
Internal Accessory
Organs
Wall of uterus
Endometrium
Innermost lining
Vascular
Tubular glands
mucus
Myometrium
Middle, thick,
muscular layer
Perimetrium
Thin layer covering
the myometrium
Secretes serous fluid
to coat and protect
uterus
27-27
Female Internal Accessory Organs (cont.)

Vagina
Tubular, muscular organ
Extends from uterus to outside body (vaginal
introitus)
Muscular folds rugae enable expansion
Receive erect penis
Passage for delivery of offspring and uterine secretions
Wall
Innermost mucosal layer
Middle muscular layer
Outer fibrous layer
Internal Accessory
Organs
27-28
Internal Female Organs
Back
27-29
External Accessory Organs

Mammary glands
Secretion of milk
Structures
Nipple
Oxytocin induces
lactiferous ducts to
deliver milk through
openings
Areola pigmented area

around nipple
Alveolar glands within
mammary glands
Make milk when
stimulated by prolactin
27-30
External Genitalia
Collectively known as the vulva
Labia majora
Rounded folds of adipose tissue and skin
Protect other external reproductive organs
Labia minora
Folds of skin between labia majora

Very vascular
Merge to form hood over clitoris
Vestibule space enclosed by labia minora
Bartholins glands secrete mucus during sexual
arousal
27-31
External Genitalia (cont.)

Clitoris
Anterior to urethral meatus
Contains female erectile tissue
Rich in sensory nerves
Perineum
Between vagina and anus
Area for episiotomy, if needed, during birth
process
External
Genitalia
27-32
Erection, Lubrication, and Orgasm

Nervous stimulation
Clitoris becomes erect
Bartholins glands activate lubrication
Vagina elongates
Orgasm
Sufficient stimulation of clitoris
Walls of uterus and fallopian tubes contract to
propel sperm up tubes
27-33
Female Reproductive Hormones

Hypothalamus
secretes GnRH
GnRH
Anterior pituitary
releases FSH & LH
tes
a
l
mu
i
t
S
Ovaries to produce
estrogen and
progesterone
Estrogen and progesterone

Responsible for development
of secondary sex characteristics
27-34
Reproductive Cycle
Menstrual cycle
Regular changes in uterine
lining, resulting in monthly
bleeding
Menarche first menstrual

period
Menopause termination of
cycle due to normal aging of
ovaries
27-35
Reproductive Cycle (cont.)

Anterior pituitary
releases FSH
Then releases
LH
Ovarian follicle
matures and secretes
estrogen
Triggers
ovulation
Follicular cells
become
corpus luteum,
which secretes
progesterone
Uterine lining thickens

Lining more vascular
and glandular
Without fertilization
Corpus luteum degenerates

levels fall
Uterine lining breaks down

menses starts
Cycle begins again with

release of FSH
27-36

True or False:
YIPPEE!
ANSWER:
F The ovaries only produce estrogen.

___
produce estrogen and progesterone
F Ovulation is the process of ovum formation.

___
Oogenesis
T The fallopian tube is also called the oviduct.

___
F The endometrium is the outer layer of the uterine wall.
___
inner layer
T Alveolar glands produce milk.

___
F
___Oxytocin
induces the alveolar glands to deliver milk through the
lactiferous ducts
nipples.
F Menarche is the termination of the menstrual cycle.
___
first
T Menopause occurs due to normal aging of the ovaries.

___
27-37
Diseases and Disorders of the Female

Reproductive System
Disease/Disorder
Description
Breast cancer
Second leading cause of cancer deaths in

women; classified as stage 0 to 4
Cervical cancer
Slow to develop; Pap smear detects abnormal

cervical cells
Cervicitis
Inflammation of the cervix usually due to an

infection
Dysmenorrhea
Condition with severe menstrual cramps that

limit normal activities
27-38

Reproductive System (cont.)
Disease/Disorder
Description
Endometriosis
Tissues of uterine lining growing outside of the

uterus
Fibrocystic breast
disease
Abnormal cystic tissue in the breast; size varies

related to menstrual cycle; common in 60% of
women between 30 and 50
Fibroids
Benign tumors in the uterine wall; affect 25% of

women in their 30s and 40s
Ovarian cancer
Considered more deadly than other types;

detection difficult and often spreads before
detection
27-39

Reproductive System (cont.)
Disease/Disorder
Description
Premenstrual
syndrome (PMS)
Collection of symptoms occurring just before a

menstrual period
Vaginitis/
vulvovaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina/inflammation of

vagina and vulva; both associated with abnormal
vaginal discharge
Uterine (endometrial)
cancer
Most common in post-menopausal women;

causes about 6% of cancer deaths in women
27-40

Matching:
ANSWER:
___
E Inflammation of the cervix
A. Dysmenorrhea
___
G Cancer common in post-menopausal women
B. Cervical cancer
___
B Develops slowly; detected by Pap smear
C. Fibroids
___
F Uterine tissue grows outside uterus
D. Breast cancer
___
D Second leading cause of cancer death in women E. Cervicitis
___
A Severe menstrual cramps
F. Endometriosis
___
C Benign tumors in the uterine wall
G. Uterine cancer
27-41
Pregnancy
Pregnancy condition of having a developing
offspring in the uterus
Fertilization process in which a sperm cell
unites with an ovum; results in pregnancy
Only one sperm cell penetrates the follicular cells and
the zona pellucida that surround the ovums cell
membrane
After fertilization, ovum releases enzymes that cause
the zona pellucida to become impenetrable to other
sperm
Zygote forms from union of ovum and sperm
Contains 46 chromosomes
27-42
The Prenatal Period

Time before birth
Zygote undergoes rapid mitosis
First week after fertilization
Cleavage rapid cell division
Morula ball of cells resulting from cleavage
Travels down fallopian tube to uterus
Becomes blastocyst, which implants in endometrial
wall
Blastocyst
Some cells (inner cell mass) become embryo
Others, along with cells from uterus, form placenta
27-43
The Prenatal Period (cont.)

Embryonic period
Week 2 through 8
Inner cell mass
organizes into
three primary
germ layers
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Formation of
Placenta
Amnion
Umbilical cord
Yolk sack
Most internal
organs and external
structures of
embryo
27-44
The Prenatal Period (cont.)

Last 3 months fetal
brain cells rapidly
divide
GI and respiratory
systems last to
develop
Fetal period
Week 8 through birth
Rapid growth
5th month skeletal
muscles active
6th month gains
weight
27-45
Fetal Circulation
Placenta and umbilical blood vessels carry
out the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and
waste products
Unique differences from normal circulation
Foramen ovale hole between right and left
atria enables most of fetal blood to bypass
lungs
Ductus arteriosus connection between
pulmonary trunk and aorta
Ductus venosus vessel that bypasses liver
27-46
Hormonal Changes During Pregnancy

Embryonic cells secrete human chorionic
gonadotropin (HCG)
Maintains the corpus luteum

Secreted by corpus luteum and placenta
Functions
Stimulate uterine lining to thicken, development of mammary
glands, enlargement of female reproductive organs
Inhibit release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary gland
(preventing ovulation) and uterine contractions
27-47
Hormonal Changes (cont.)

Relaxin
From corpus luteum
Inhibits uterine
contractions and
relaxes ligaments of
pelvis
Lactogen
From placenta
Stimulates
enlargements of
mammary glands
Aldosterone
From adrenal gland
Increases sodium and
water retention
Parathyroid
hormone (PTH)
Helps maintain high
calcium levels in the
blood
27-48

What are the primary germ layers and what tissue
develops from them?
ANSWER: The primary germ layers are the:
Ectoderm nervous tissue and some epithelial tissue
Mesoderm connective tissue and some epithelial tissue
Endoderm epithelial tissue only
27-49
The Birth Process

Begins when progesterone levels fall
Prostaglandins secreted by uterus stimulate
uterine contractions
Uterine contractions stimulate posterior pituitary
gland to release oxytocin
Oxytocin stimulates strong uterine contractions
27-50
The Birth Process (cont.)

Three stages
Dilation
Cervix thins and softens (effacement)
Lasts 8 24 hours
Expulsion or parturition
Actual birth
May take 30 minutes or less
Placental stage 10 to 15 minutes after the

birth, the placenta separates from uterine wall
and is expelled
27-51
The Birth Process (cont.)

The postnatal
period
Six-week period
following birth
Neonatal period
first four weeks
Neonate is
adjusting to life
outside uterus
Milk production and

secretion
Prolactin production
of milk
Oxytocin ejection of
milk from mammary
gland ducts
Production continues
as long as breastfeeding continues
27-52

What are the three stages of the birth process and
what occurs during each?
ANSWER: The three stages are:
Dilation the cervix thins, softens (effacement), and dilates to

approximately 10 cm
Expulsion also called parturition; the actual birth stage
Placental stage placenta separates from uterine wall and is

expelled
Impressive
27-53
Contraception
Method
Description
Coitus interruptus
Penis is withdrawn from vagina before ejaculation;

not a reliable method
Rhythm method
Requires abstinence around time of ovulation; not a

reliable method
Mechanical
barriers
Prevent sperm from entering female reproductive

tract
Chemical barriers
Destroy sperm in the female reproductive tract;

primarily spermicides; often used with mechanical
barriers
27-54
Contraception (cont.)
Method
Description
Oral
contraceptives
Birth control pills; prevent ovulation by preventing

LH surge
Injectable
contraceptives
Prevent ovulation and alter lining of uterus to

prevent implantation of blastocyst
Insertable
contraceptives
Ring inserted vaginally and removed at the

beginning of the 4th week to allow menstruation
Contraceptive
implants
Small rods of progesterone implanted beneath skin;

prevent ovulation
27-55
Contraception (cont.)
Method
Description
Transdermal
contraceptives
Contraceptives in the form of a patch; applied

weekly for 3 weeks; not used the 4th week to allow
menstruation
Intrauterine device Small, solid devices placed into uterus by MD;

(IUD)
prevents implantation of blastocyst
Surgical methods
Tubal ligation fallopian tube fulgurated to prevent

sperm from reaching oocyte
Vasectomy vas deferens is fulgurated to prevent
ejaculation of sperm
27-56

Your patient has just been told that she is pregnant, but she
does not understand why she could get pregnant. She
states, I have been using the rhythm method of birth
control very carefully. What patient teaching would you do
to assist her to understand?
ANSWER: The rhythm method is not as effective as other
birth control, because it is sometimes difficult to tell when
ovulation occurs.
27-57
Infertility
Inability to conceive a child
Primary no prior pregnancy, unable to
achieve pregnancy in 12 months
Secondary at least one prior pregnancy,
unable to achieve pregnancy after one year
Causes
15% unknown
35% male-related problems
50% female-related problems
27-58
Infertility (cont.)
Male-related
Impotence
Retrograde ejaculation
Low or absent sperm
count
Medications/drugs
Decreased testosterone
Scarring from STDs
Prior mumps infection
Inflammation of
epididymis or testes
Female-related
Scarring from STDs
Pelvic inflammatory
disease
Inadequate diet
No ovulation or
menstrual cycle
Endometriosis
Abnormal shape of
uterus or cervix
Hormonal imbalances
Cysts in ovaries
Older than 40 years
27-59
Infertility (cont.)
Tests
Semen analysis
Monitoring of morning
body temperature
Blood hormone
measurements
Endometrial biopsy
Urine analysis for LH
Hysterosalpingogram
Laparoscopy
Treatments
Surgical repair of
abnormalities
Fertility drugs
Hormone therapies
Artificial insemination
In vitro fertilization
Use of surrogate
27-60

Indicate whether each cause of infertility is male-related (M), female-related
(F), or both (B).
ANSWER:
M Retrograde ejaculation
___
M Mumps infection
___
F Inadequate diet
___
B Scarring from STDs
___
F
___
Pelvic inflammatory
disease
F
___
Hormone imbalances
M
___
Use of some medications
F
___
Being over 40 years old
Very
27-61
Sexually Transmitted Diseases

STD
Cause
AIDS
HIV virus causes AIDS; described in Chapter 21
Chlamydia
Caused by bacterium; most commonly reported;

often no symptoms in female
Genital warts
Caused by HPV; not everyone infected has

symptoms
Gonorrhea
Bacterial cause
27-62
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (cont.)

STD
Cause
Herpes simplex
Caused by viruses; type I causes cold sores; type II

commonly known as genital herpes; may be passed
from mother to child during childbirth
Pubic lice
Parasitic infestation; commonly called crabs
Syphilis
Caused by bacteria; decreasing in women but

increasing in males who have sex with other males
Trichomoniasis
Caused by protozoan parasite; also called

trichomonas infection or trich
27-63

Match:
ANSWER:
___
D Most commonly reported STD in the U.S.
A.
___
F Two types; both caused by a virus
B.
___
E Crabs
C.
___
C Increasing incidence in males
D.
___
A Common bacterial STD; can also grow in mouth E.
___
B Caused by HPV virus
S
Gonorrhea
U
Genital warts
P
Syphilis
E
Chlamydia
R
Pubic lice
!
F. Herpes simplex
27-64
In Summary
27.1 The organs of the male reproductive system include
the testes, responsible for sperm and hormone
production, and the accessory organs of vas
deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral
glands, scrotum, and penis.
27.2 Spermatogenesis begins in the seminiferous tubules
of the testes. They mature in the epididymis first as
spermatogonia, then as spermatocytes, and finally as
spermatids.
27-65
In Summary (cont.)
27.3 Semen is a mixture of seminal fluid, prostatic fluid,
sperm cells, and lubricating bulbourethral fluid.
27.4 Erection occurs during sexual arousal, causing penile
engorgement with blood. Ejaculation occurs when
semen and its sperm cells are forced out of the body
through the urethra.
27.5 Testosterone is responsible for the male secondary
sex characteristics and maturation of the male
reproductive organs.
27-66
In Summary (cont.)
27.6 The diseases of the male reproductive system vary
widely between simple inflammation and cancers. The
more common diseases and disorders, with their
varied symptoms and treatments, are outlined in the
Pathophysiology section of this chapter, immediately
following the A&P of the male reproductive system.
27.7 The organs of the female reproductive system include
the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina. The
external accessory organs include the mons pubis,
labia majora and minora, clitoris, urethral meatus,
vaginal orifice, Bartholins glands, perineum, and
mammary glands.
27-67
In Summary (cont.)
27.8 Ova originate from the primordial follicles within the
ovaries present during fetal development, which
produce the oocyte and follicular cells responsible for
oogenesis.
27.9 Estrogen is responsible for female secondary sex
characteristics. Both estrogen and progesterone
stimulate the uterine lining to thicken in preparation
for pregnancy and inhibit uterine contractions during
pregnancy.
27.10 Ovulation occurs when the anterior pituitary releases
a surge of LH, causing the release of a mature ovum.
27-68
In Summary (cont.)
27.11 The follicular cells become the corpus luteum, which
releases more progesterone, which causes the
uterine lining to become more vascular and glandular
to prepare for the pregnancy.
27.12 The female menstrual cycle causes periodic changes
in the uterine lining. After a menstrual period, the
body prepares for the next ovulatory cycle with
increasing levels of estrogen and progesterone. If
pregnancy does not occur, these levels drop, causing
the uterine lining to break down and resulting in the
next menstrual period.
27-69
In Summary (cont.)
27.13 Menopause is the cessation of the menstrual cycle
related to normal aging of the ovaries.
27.14 The diseases of the female reproductive system vary
widely between simple inflammation and cancers.
The more common diseases and disorders, with their
varied symptoms and treatments, are outlined in the
Pathophysiology section of this chapter, immediately
following the A&P of the female reproductive system.
27-70
In Summary (cont.)
27.15 Fertilization occurs with the union of a sperm cell and
ovum; usually occurs within the fallopian tubes, but
may occur anywhere in the female reproductive tract.
27.16 The fertilized ovum, now a blastocyst, implants in the
endometrial wall of the uterus.
27.17 The embryonic period occurs from week 28 of the
pregnancy, and the fetal period is from week 9
through delivery.
27-71
In Summary (cont.)
27.18 Hormonal changes stimulate the uterine lining and
inhibit FSH and LH production to prevent ovulation.
Mammary glands are stimulated and enlarged,
uterine contractions are inhibited, and the pelvic
ligaments loosen in preparation for delivery.
27.19 Some of the contraceptive methods include coitus
interruptus; barrier methods; chemical barriers; oral
contraceptives; injectable, implantable and insertable
contraceptives; and intrauterine devices. Their
mechanisms are discussed in detail within the
chapter.
27-72
In Summary (cont.)
27.20 The causes of infertility are varied, with about 15% of
infertility for unknown causes. A number of infertility
tests and treatments are discussed within the
chapter.
27.21 There are many sexually transmitted diseases, all
passed between sexual partners (heterosexual and
same-sex partners alike). Their symptoms,
treatments, and sequelae for both sexes are
discussed in detail in the Pathophysiology section
devoted to STDs at the end of this chapter.
27-73
End of Chapter 27
The
reproduction of
mankind is a
great marvel
and mystery.
~Martin Luther

The Reproductive System

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CHAPTER

Learning Outcomes (cont.)

Learning Outcomes (cont.)

List the actions of estrogen and

27.10 Explain how and when ovulation occurs.

Learning Outcomes (cont.)

Describe the causes, signs and symptoms,

Explain how and where fertilization occurs.

Describe the process of implantation.

Explain the difference between an embryo

Learning Outcomes (cont.)

Describe the changes that occur in a

List several birth control methods and

List the causes of and treatments for

Describe the causes, signs and symptoms,

Male Reproductive System

Scrotum sac that holds

Descend into scrotal sac

Filled with spermatogenic

Produce the male sex cells

Interstitial cells produce

Spermatogonia (46 chromosomes)

Helps sperm penetrate

Male Internal Accessory Organs (cont.)

1.5 to 5.0 ml per ejaculate

Male External Accessory Organs

Holds testes away from

Temperature 1 below body

Lined with serous

Testes move freely

Erectile tissues surround

Erection, Orgasm, and Ejaculation

Male Reproductive Hormones

Apply Your Knowledge

A Sperm cell formation

Diseases and Disorders of the Male

Nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland;

Inflammation of an epididymis; usually starts as

Impotence or erectile Disorder in which erection cannot be achieved or

Diseases and Disorders of the Male

Most common form of cancer in men over 40;

Inflammation of the prostate gland; may be acute

Malignant growth in one or both testicles; more

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Female Reproductive System

Located in the pelvic cavity

Covered by epithelial and dense connective tissues

Ovum Formation (cont.)

Oogenesis is the process

Secondary oocyte released

Female Internal Accessory Organs

Female Internal Accessory Organs (cont.)

Female Internal Accessory Organs (cont.)

Internal Female Organs

External Accessory Organs

Areola pigmented area

Folds of skin between labia majora

External Genitalia (cont.)

Erection, Lubrication, and Orgasm

Female Reproductive Hormones

Estrogen and progesterone

Menarche first menstrual

Reproductive Cycle (cont.)

Uterine lining thickens