SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

ANIMAL SUPPORT SYSTEM

All living thing need support system

Depend size and habitat
Large animal need large bone example elephant
Whales is bigger then elephant but need smaller bone
than elephant because body support by water buoyancy

ANIMAL SUPPORT SYSTEM

MAIN FUNCTION OF SKELETON
Support
Protection
In many animals, the skeleton protects soft tissue
movement

ANIMAL SUPPORT SYSTEM

TYPE OF SKELETON
EXOSKELETON

ENDOSKELETON
HYDROSTATIC
SKELETON

ANIMAL SUPPORT SYSTEM

EXOSKELETON
Hard, encasement deposited on an animals surface
as the animal grows, it enlarges its shell by adding the
outer edge
Jointed exoskeleton have a cuticle, which is secreted by
the epidermis.

ecdysis

ANIMAL SUPPORT SYSTEM

EXOSKELETON

Funtion :
To provide
attachment for
muscles
To support body and
give shape
To protect internal
organ
To allow for growth

ANIMAL SUPPORT SYSTEM

HYDROSTATIC SKELETON
Consists of fluid held under pressure in a closed body
compartment
example

Star fish

Lichen

snail

Flat worm

ANIMAL SUPPORT SYSTEM

HYDROSTATIC SKELETON
Movement and form is controlled by using muscles to
change shape of the fluid filled.
Earth worm : elongates by closing contractile cells in its
body walls
By decreasing the diameter of the cavity, the cavity
become longer

ANIMAL SUPPORT SYSTEM

ENDOSKELETON SKELETON
Endo Is inside
Human, mammal, amphibian,
reptiles, fish and birds have
endo skeleton

Human are support by an

endoskeleton.
Endoskeleton of human consists of
206 bones.
The spinal column consists 33 small
bones

ANIMAL SUPPORT SYSTEM

ENDOSKELETON
function of endoskeleton
maintain the shape of Vertebrate
support the weight
protect internal organs or soft organ
allow the movement of the body and other
bodily
provide a place for links muscle and internal
organs

ANIMAL SUPPORT SYSTEM

ENDOSKELETON
Part in human skeleton
skull - forming a human head
spine - supports weight
Ribs
severance forward - support the weight carried by
hand
back members - supports the entire body while
standing
pectoral girdle - support the weight of the head and
limbs body
Pelvic girdle - support the entire weight of the

ANIMAL SUPPORT SYSTEM in Land Vertebrate

More endoskeleton have back bone
Back bones is the major structure
The skeleton differ because they are adapted for different
lifestyles and different habitat

ANIMAL SUPPORT SYSTEM in Land Vertebrate

Pectoral
Back
girdles
bones
Pelvi
c
girdl
es

skull

Big animal such as elephant and

rhinoceros need strong and big
pectoral and pelvic girdle to
support weight
And joined with limb..
Also have short leg to support
heavier load.
Large cross section make them
Ribs
more stable

Joint
s

ANIMAL SUPPORT SYSTEM in Land Vertebrate

Back
bones

Pector
al
girdles

skull

Pelv
ic
girdl
small
es animal such as deer and

cow have long hallow leg bone

because their body less heavy
make run or move faster
Long bones such as femur and
fibula are hollow
Hollow bone are strong and
lighter

Ribs

Joint
s

ANIMAL SUPPORT SYSTEM in aquatic Vertebrate

Aquatic animal different with land
animal.
Water is am buoyant medium.
Aquatic vertebrate have smaller pectoral
and pelvic girdle body weight support by
water.
Pelvic girdles is very small or non- existent

Pelvi
c
girdl
es

Pectoral
girdles

PLANTS SUPPORT SYSTEM

PLANTS
Have two type ...
Herbaceous plants
Woody plants

PLANTS SUPPORT SYSTEM

HERBACEOUS PLANTS

Two type of support system in

herbaceous plant :
turgor pressure
special structure
turgor pressure balsam and mustard
special structure thorns, Clasping
roots ,Twining stem ,Tendrils

PLANTS SUPPORT SYSTEM

HERBACEOUS PLANTS
Herbaceous plants like balsam , the cells absorbed water.
The pressure cause the stem of the balsam plants became
rigid and turgid
Cannot support withstand too heavy a weight
Example :
banana
paddy
lalang

PLANTS SUPPORT SYSTEM

Woody plants

1. Supported by woody tissues

2. Woody is hard ,provides the shape and
strength of the stem
3. Support by special structure

Buttress roots

Prop roots

4. Example : ..

Durian trees

Rambutans tree

Casuarinas trees

PLANTS SUPPORT SYSTEM

Woody plants
Stem made up of rings of hard wood
Tissue made up the ring are xylem cells

PLANTS SUPPORT SYSTEM

Specials support structure for woody
stem
Buttress

provided extra support for

the
thicktree
support roots that grow
from the stem above the
ground
hold
the tree firm to the
ground
example :

PLANTS SUPPORT SYSTEM

Specials support structure for woody
stem
Prop root

root which grow from the

stem or branches into the
ground to support the plant
example : bayan tree,
pandan tree, maize tree

PLANTS SUPPORT SYSTEM

Specials support structure for soft
stem
Clasping
roots

Tendrils

Twining
stem

Thorns

PLANTS SUPPORT SYSTEM

Specials support structure for soft
stem
Clasping
roots

Tendrils

Twining
stem

Thorns

8.3 importance of the support system in living thing

Manu function of
human
Whales that have been washed ashore
are not able to move back to sea
because they are no longer supported by
the water

1
2

These whales will eventually die because

there is no water to support their body
thus causing the huge weight of their body
to press on their organ and crush them