Chapter One Tweaked Lecture

Chapter 1
Scientific Study of Life
Child: t14/ZUMA Press/Newscom
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The Characteristics of Life
Biology is the scientific study

of life.
Section 1.1
Child: t14/ZUMA Press/Newscom;

DNA: SMC Images/The Image Bank/Getty Images
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cells are the basic units of

life.
Every organism, or living
individual, consists of one or
more cells.
Section 1.1

Cells use DNA to produce

proteins.
Section 1.1

How do we know this boy is

alive, and this rock is not
alive?
Section 1.1

Ecosystem: Manoj Shah/The Image Bank/Getty Images;
All life shares five

characteristics.
Section 1.1


characteristics.
- Organization
Section 1.1


Life is organized
ATOM
The smallest chemica
unit of a type of pure
substance (element).
Example: Carbon ato
Section 1.1
Figure 1.2

Life is organized
MOLECULE
A group of joined atom
Example: DNA
Section 1.1
Figure 1.2

Life is organized
ORGANELLE
A membranebounded
structure that has
a specific
function within a
cell.
Example:
Chloroplast
Section 1.1
Figure 1.2

Life is organized
CELL
The fundamental
unit of life.
Example: Leaf cell
Section 1.1
Figure 1.2

Life is organized
TISSUE
A collection of specializ
cells that function in a
coordinated fashion.
Example: Epidermis of
Section 1.1
Figure 1.2

Life is organized
ORGAN
A structure consisting
of tissues organized to
interact and carry
out specific functions.
Example: Leaf
Section 1.1
Figure 1.2

Life is organized
ORGAN
SYSTEM
Organs
connected
physically or
chemically
that function
together.
Example:
Aboveground
part of a plant
Section 1.1
Figure 1.2

Life is organized
ORGANISM
A single living individual.
Example: One acacia tree
Section 1.1
Figure 1.2

Life is organized
ORGANISM
A single living individual.
Example: One acacia tree
Section 1.1
Figure 1.2

Life is organized
POPULATION
A group of the same species of organism
living in the same place and time.
Example: Multiple acacia trees
Section 1.1
Population: Gregory G. Dimijian, M.D./Photo Researchers

Figure 1.2

Life is organized
COMMUNITY
All populations that occupy
the same region.
Example: All populations
in a savanna
Section 1.1
Population: Gregory G. Dimijian, M.D./Photo Researchers; Community: Todd Gustafson/Danita Delimont

Figure 1.2

Life is organized
ECOSYSTEM
The living and
nonliving
components of
an area.
Example: The
savanna
Section 1.1
Population: Gregory G. Dimijian, M.D./Photo Researchers; Community: Todd Gustafson/Danita Delimont;

Ecosystem: Manoj Shah/The Image Bank/Getty Images
Figure 1.2

Life is organized
BIOSPHERE
The global
ecosystem;
the parts of the
planet
and its atmosphere
where life is
possible.
Section 1.1
Population: Gregory G. Dimijian, M.D./Photo Researchers; Community: Todd Gustafson/Danita Delimont;

Ecosystem: Manoj Shah/The Image Bank/Getty Images; Biosphere: Corbis (RF)
Figure 1.2

Life is organized
Sheet of
endothelial
cells
Endothelial
cell
Emergent properties arise at

each level of biological
organization.
Capillary
Section 1.1
Red blood
cell
Endothelial
cell
Figure 1.3

Life is organized
Sheet of
endothelial
cells
Endothelial
cell
The capillary has properties

that its components alone
lack.
Capillary
Section 1.1
Red blood
cell
Endothelial
cell
Figure 1.3
Clicker Question #1
Which of the following statements
is false?
A. Organs consist of tissues.
B. Populations consist of organisms.
C. Molecules consist of cells.
D. Organisms consist of atoms.
E. Organelles consist of molecules.
1996 PhotoDisc, Inc./Getty Images/RF

Clicker Question #1
is false?
A. Organs consist of tissues.
B. Populations consist of organisms.
C. Molecules consist of cells.
D. Organisms consist of atoms.
E. Organelles consist of molecules.

Clicker Question #2
Which is the best example of
emergent properties?
A. Wearing glasses gives you better
vision.
B. Welding metal together makes
an
office building.
C. Wearing clothes keeps you
warmer.
D. Stacking cups on top of each
other makes a plastic pyramid.
E. Tying strings together makes a
Clicker Question #2
Which is the best example of
emergent properties?
A. Wearing glasses gives you better
vision.
B. Welding metal together makes
an
office building.
C. Wearing clothes keeps you
warmer.
D. Stacking cups on top of each
other makes a plastic pyramid.
E. Tying strings together makes a

characteristics.
- Organization
Section 1.1


characteristics.
- Organization
- Energy use
Section 1.1


Life requires energy
Energy
from
sunlight
Producers extract energy

and nutrients from the
nonliving environment.
Section 1.1
Figure 1.4

Heat
Consumers obtain
energy and nutrients by
eating other organisms.
Energy
from
sunlight
Section 1.1
Figure 1.4

Heat
Energy
from
sunlight
Heat
Heat
Decomposers are
consumers
that obtain nutrients
from dead
organisms and organic
wastes.
Section 1.1
Figure 1.4

Heat
Energy
from
sunlight
Heat
Heat
Section 1.1
Heat

Heat is lost
every time
energy is
transferred.
Figure 1.4

characteristics.
- Organization
- Energy use
Section 1.1

All life shares five characteristics.

- Organization
- Energy use
- Maintenance of internal
constancy
Section 1.1


Life maintains internal constancy
Homeostasis is the
process by which a
cell or organism
maintains
equilibrium.
Section 1.1

Figure 23

A thermostat is an
analogy for how life
maintains internal
constancy.
Section 1.1

Figure 23

Humans have an
internal thermostat
that helps maintain
temperature
homeostasis. This
woman shivers and
adds clothing when
she feels cold.
Section 1.1

Homeostasis is not
just about
temperature though.
For example,
organisms also
fluctuate around
their optimal
nutrient, salt, and
water balances.
Section 1.1

- Organization
- Energy use
constancy
Section 1.1


- Organization
- Energy use
constancy
- Reproduction, growth, and
development
Section 1.1


Life reproduces, grows, and develops
Reproduction is either asexual or sexual.
Section 1.1
SEM: Dennis Kunkel/Phototake; Palm: Brand X Pictures/Getty Images (RF); Deer: Corbis Animals in Action CD
Figure 1.5

Offspring of asexually reproducing organisms
are identical to their single parent.
Section 1.1
Figure 1.5

Fungi sometimes reproduce asexually.
Each of these orange cells might become a new
organism.
Section 1.1
Figure 1.5

Asexual reproduction is a successful strategy in
unchanging environments.
Section 1.1
Figure 1.5

Offspring of sexually reproducing organisms
receive genetic material from two parents.
Section 1.1
Figure 1.5

Most plants and animals reproduce sexually. Both
the seedling and the fawn received genetic
material from two parents.
Section 1.1
Figure 1.5

Sexual reproduction is successful in changing
environments, since offspring are unlike either
parent.
Section 1.1
Figure 1.5

This fawn started as a single cell and has grown
and developed into a multicellular organism.
Section 1.1
Figure 1.5
Clicker Question #3
is true about reproduction?
A. Sexual reproduction creates
genetic variation among organisms.
B. Sexual reproduction is most
successful in unchanging
environments.
C. Most plants reproduce only
asexually.
D. Asexual organisms do not
actually reproduce.
E. None of these is true.
Clicker Question #3
is true about reproduction?
A. Sexual reproduction creates
genetic variation among organisms.
B. Sexual reproduction is most
successful in unchanging
environments.
C. Most plants reproduce only
asexually.
D. Asexual organisms do not
actually reproduce.
E. None of these is true.

- Organization
- Energy use
constancy
development
Section 1.1


- Organization
- Energy use
constancy
development
- Evolution
Section 1.1


Life evolves
How is it that so
many organisms
seem perfectly
suited to their
environment?
Section 1.1
Figure 1.6

Life evolves
This snake blends

into the sand.
Section 1.1
Figure 1.6

Life evolves
Snakes that blend

in best catch the
most prey, likely
survive the longest,
and reproduce the
most.
Section 1.1
Figure 1.6
Co-Evolution
How do you think that the prey item
could co-evolve to survive?
Does this happen in the individual, or in
the population?

Life evolves
Bacteria evolve
quickly.
Section 1.1
Figure 1.7

Life evolves
Bacteria evolve
quickly.
Time
Section 1.1
Figure 1.7

Life evolves
Antibiotic present
Time
Time
Reproduction
and
Selection
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are most

successful.
Section 1.1
Figure 1.7

- Organization
- Energy use
constancy
development
- Evolution
Section 1.1

1.1 Mastering Concepts
What are the roles of natural

selection and mutations in
evolution?

The Tree of Life Includes

Three Main Branches
Taxonomy is
the scientific
study of
naming and
classifying
organisms.
Section 1.2
Figure 1.8

Three Main Branches
Species are
broadly
categorized
into one of
three
domains.
Section 1.2
Figure 1.8

Three Main Branches
Each domain
includes one
or more
kingdoms.
Section 1.2
Figure 1.8

Three Main Branches
Domain Bacteria and

Domain Archaea are
prokaryotic and unicellular
Section 1.2
Bacteria: Kwangshin Kim/Photo Researchers; Archaea: Ralph Robinson/Visuals Unlimited

Figure 1.8

Three Main Branches
Organisms in
Domain Eukarya
have cells with
nuclei.
Section 1.2
Amoeba: Melba Photo Agency/PunchStock (RF)

Figure 1.8

Three Main Branches
Organisms in
Domain Eukarya
have cells with
nuclei.
Section 1.2
Bee: Courtesy of The National Human Genome Research Institute

Figure 1.8

Three Main Branches
Organisms in
Domain Eukarya
have cells with
nuclei.
Section 1.2
Mushroom: Corbis (RF)

Figure 1.8

Three Main Branches
Organisms in
Domain Eukarya
have cells with
nuclei.
Section 1.2
Leaf: Photo by Keith Weller/USDA

Figure 1.8
Clicker Question #4
How are eukaryotes different from
prokaryotes?
A. Eukaryotes are always
multicellular.
B. Prokaryotic cells never have
nuclei.
C. Only prokaryotes are autotrophs.
D. Only eukaryotes are living
organisms.
E. None of these distinguish
eukaryotes from prokaryotes.
Clicker Question #4
How are eukaryotes different from
prokaryotes?
A. Eukaryotes are always
multicellular.
B. Prokaryotic cells never have
nuclei.
C. Only prokaryotes are autotrophs.
D. Only eukaryotes are living
organisms.
E. None of these distinguish
eukaryotes from prokaryotes.
Which kingdoms contain eukaryotic

organisms?

The Scientific Method

In general, all scientific
inquiry follows a standard
process.
Section 1.3
Figure 1.9
Section 1.3
Figure 1.9
Section 1.3
Figure 1.9

Section 1.3
Figure 1.9

Section 1.3
Figure 1.9
Types of Science
Scientists test their

hypotheses with
discovery science
or controlled
experiments.
Section 1.3
Birdwatcher: U.S. fish & Wildlife Service/J&K Hollingsworth;

Coffee tasters: Corbis (RF)
Figure 1.1
Components of
Experiments
Well-designed experiments include

independent, dependent, and
standardized variables.
Independent variable: what is
manipulated (e.g., dose of vaccine)
Dependent variable: what is
measured (e.g., number of
rotavirus-infected children)
Standardized variable: held
constant for all subjects in an
experiment (e.g., age of children)
Section 1.3
Coffee tasters: Corbis (RF)

Figure 1.1
Clicker Question #5
What is the dependent variable in
the experiment outlined in this
table?
C
A
Figure 1.1
Clicker Question #5
What is the dependent variable in
the experiment outlined in this
table?
C
A
Figure 1.1
What are the components of

scientific inquiry?

Scientific Theories Help Explain

Observations
When Charles
Darwin saw the
nectar tubes on
these orchids he
predicted that a
moth had an
equally long
tongue.
Sections 1.3 &
Orchid: Geoff McIlleron: Firefly Images/Photographersdirect.com

Figure 1.1

Observations
He based this
prediction on his
theory of
evolution.
Sections 1.3 &
Orchid: Geoff McIlleron: Firefly Images/Photographersdirect.com

Figure 1.1

Observations
Thirty years
later, the moth
was
discovered.
Sections 1.3 &
Figure 1.1
What observations led Darwin and

Wallace to predict the existence of
a long-tongued moth in
Madagascar?

Chapter One
Extra Credit Questions:
Page 18:
Write It Out1-8, 12
Pull It Together #4

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Chapter 1

Scientific Study of Life

Child: t14/ZUMA Press/Newscom

The Characteristics of Life

Biology is the scientific study

Child: t14/ZUMA Press/Newscom;

The Characteristics of Life

Cells are the basic units of

Child: t14/ZUMA Press/Newscom;

The Characteristics of Life

Cells use DNA to produce

Child: t14/ZUMA Press/Newscom;

The Characteristics of Life

How do we know this boy is

Child: t14/ZUMA Press/Newscom;

The Characteristics of Life

All life shares five

Child: t14/ZUMA Press/Newscom;

The Characteristics of Life

All life shares five

Child: t14/ZUMA Press/Newscom;

The Characteristics of Life

The Characteristics of Life

The Characteristics of Life

The Characteristics of Life

The Characteristics of Life

The Characteristics of Life

The Characteristics of Life

The Characteristics of Life

The Characteristics of Life

The Characteristics of Life

Population: Gregory G. Dimijian, M.D./Photo Researchers

The Characteristics of Life

Population: Gregory G. Dimijian, M.D./Photo Researchers; Community: Todd Gustafson/Danita Delimont

The Characteristics of Life

Population: Gregory G. Dimijian, M.D./Photo Researchers; Community: Todd Gustafson/Danita Delimont;

The Characteristics of Life

Population: Gregory G. Dimijian, M.D./Photo Researchers; Community: Todd Gustafson/Danita Delimont;

The Characteristics of Life

Emergent properties arise at

The Characteristics of Life

The capillary has properties

1996 PhotoDisc, Inc./Getty Images/RF

1996 PhotoDisc, Inc./Getty Images/RF

1996 PhotoDisc, Inc./Getty Images/RF

1996 PhotoDisc, Inc./Getty Images/RF

The Characteristics of Life

All life shares five

Child: t14/ZUMA Press/Newscom;

The Characteristics of Life

All life shares five

Child: t14/ZUMA Press/Newscom;

The Characteristics of Life

Producers extract energy

The Characteristics of Life

The Characteristics of Life

The Characteristics of Life

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

The Characteristics of Life

All life shares five

Child: t14/ZUMA Press/Newscom;

The Characteristics of Life

All life shares five characteristics.

Child: t14/ZUMA Press/Newscom;