Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Pengantar
Metabolisme
Protein
Struktural
Regulator
Replikasi DNA
Biokatalis
(enzim)
Replikasi RNA
Transkripsi
RNA
DNA
Transla
si
Transkripsi balik
(Reverse transcription)
PROTEIN
Asam Nukleat
Peran Nukleotida
eoksiribonukleotida (DNA)
ibonukleotida (RNA)
Ikatan Fosfodiester
Menghubungkan Nukleotida
Ikatan Fosfodiester
Menghubungkan
Nukleotida
9
RNA
cepat
terhidrolisis
dalam kondisi alkali, DNA
sulit terhidrolisis seperti
RNA; gugus 2-hidroksil pada
RNA
terlibat
langsung
dalam proses hidrolisis
C G
1
03
5
P
1
2
3
R
P
OH
5
pApTpCpGpApTpCpG-OH 3
5 pATCGATCG-OH 3
ATCGATCG
A short nucleic acid is referred to as an oligonucleotide. Short is somewhat
arbitrary, but polymers containing 50 or fewer.
A longer nucleic acid is called a polynucleotide.
Informasi Genetik
GEN
1
Sekuen DNA dengan panjang
1
minimum tertentu yang mengkode
urutan lengkap asam amino suatu
polipeptida, atau RNA
Arah transkripsi
ATG
PROMOTE
R
GEN
STRUKTURAL
Struktur dasar gen
STOP
TERMINAT
OR
Informasi Genetik
Bahan
Genetik Sel
Kromoso
m
Ekstrakromoso
m
Plasmid
DNA organel
Mitokondria
Kloroplas
1
2
Chromosomes
The eukaryotic genome is made up of
DNA/protein
complexes
called
chromosomes.
Gene sequences embedded within
chromosomes must still be available
for transcription by RNA polymerases
and all of the DNA must be capable of
being copied by DNA polymerases.
Chromosomes
have
two
main
functions:
i. To ensure that the DNA is segregated
equally to daughter nuclei at cell
division, and to ensure that the
integrity of the genome is maintained
and accurately replicated in each cell
Chromosome
number/size
Types of chromosomes
There are four types of chromosomes based upon the
position of the centromere.
1) Metacentric: the centromere occurs in the centre and all the
four chromatids are of equal length.
2) Submetacentric: the centromere is a little away from the
centre and therefore chromatids of one side are slightly
longer than the other side.
3) Acrocentric: the centromere is located closer to one end of
chromatid therefore the chromatids on opposite side are very
long.
4)
Telocentric: the centromere is placed at one end of the
chromatid and hence only one arm. Such telocentric
chromosomes are not seen in human cells.
Continue
o Prokaryotic genomes generally
contain one large circular piece
of DNA referred to as a
"chromosome" (not a true
chromosome in the eukaryotic
sense).
o Some bacteria have linear
"chromosomes".
o Many bacteria have small
circular DNA structures called
plasmids which can be
swapped between neighbors
and across bacterial species.
Plasmid
o The term plasmid was first
introduced by the American
molecular
biologist
Joshua
Lederberg in 1952.
o A plasmid is separate from,
and can replicate independently
of, the chromosomal DNA.
o Plasmid size varies from 1 to
over 1,000 (kbp).
Continue
Eukaryotes
The genome of yeast cells contains
1.35x107 base pairs
A small fraction of the total DNA
encodes protein.
Eukaryotic Genome
Nuclear
Mitochondrial
Plasmids (in yeast and plant
chloroplasts)
Lecture
no. 5
Mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondrial DNA is a single double stranded circular
molecule.
There are several copies in each mitochondrion and there
are many mitochondria in each of your cells.
Mitochondrial DNA is similar to prokaryotic DNA. There are
no histones or any other protein associated with mt DNA.
The genes contain no introns. Maternal inheritance.
Because it is in a highly oxidizing environment it has a
much higher rate of mutations than nuclear DNA.
The genes in mt DNA code for mitochondrial ribosomes
and transfer RNAs.
Some genes code for polypeptide subunits of the electron
transport chain common to all mitochondria.
21
Erwin Chargaf
22
DNA Structure
DNA consists of two helical
chains wound around the same
axis in a right-handed fashion
aligned in an antiparallel
fashion.
There are 10.5 base pairs, or
36 , per turn of the helix.
Alternating deoxyribose and
phosphate groups on the
backbone form the outside of
the helix.
The planar purine and
pyrimidine bases of both
strands are stacked inside the
helix.
23
29
Major
groove
Minor
groove
Favored
solutions
relatively
water
in
many
that
are
devoid of
Most stable
structure
30
Helicase unwinds
parental double
helix
Binding
proteins
stabilize
separate
strands
Exonuclease removes
DNA polymerase
binds nucleotides RNA primer and inserts
to form new strandsthe correct bases
47
Primase adds
short primer
to template
strand
Ligase joins
Okazaki
fragments and
seals
other nicks in
48
Replication
49
3
3
5
3
5
Replication
50
Overall direction
of replication
3
3
5
3
5
3
5
Replication
Overall direction
of replication
51
3
3
5
3
5
3
5
Replication
Overall direction
of replication
52
3
3
5
Okazaki fragment
3
5
3 5
3
5
Replication
Overall direction
of replication
53
3
3
5
Okazaki fragment
3
5
35
3
5
Replication
54
3
5
3
5
3
5
3 5
35
3
5
Replication
55
3
5
3
5
3
5
35
35
3
5
Replication
56
3
5
3
5
3
5
35
35
3
5
Replication
57
3
3
5
3
5
35
3
5