Chapter 17

Solids
Phase Changes
Thermal Processes

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Office hours from 9:00-3:30 Friday

Vapor Pressure
The pressure of the gas when it is in equilibrium
with the liquid is called the equilibrium vapor
pressure, and will depend on the temperature.

A liquid boils at the temperature at which its vapor

pressure equals the external pressure.

Boiling Potatoes
Will boiled potatoes cook faster
in Charlottesville or in Denver?

a) Charlottesville
b) Denver (the mile high city)
c) the same in both places
d) Ive never cooked in Denver,
so I really dont know
e) you can boil potatoes?

Boiling Potatoes
Will boiled potatoes cook faster
in Charlottesville or in Denver?

a) Charlottesville
b) Denver (the mile high city)
c) the same in both places
d) Ive never cooked in Denver,
so I really dont know
e) you can boil potatoes?

The lower air pressure in Denver means that the water

will boil at a lower temperature... and your potatoes
will take longer to cook.

Phase Diagram
The vapor pressure curve is only
a part of the phase diagram.
There are similar
curves describing the
pressure/temperature
of transition from
solid to liquid,
and solid to gas

When the liquid reaches the critical point,

there is no longer a distinction between
liquid and gas; there is only a fluid phase.

Fusion Curve
The fusion curve is the
boundary between the solid
and liquid phases; along that
curve they exist in
equilibrium with each other.
One of these two fusion curves has a
shape that is typical for most materials,
but the other has shape specific to water.

Curve 1

Which is which?

(a) Curve 1 is the fusion curve for water

(b) Curve 2 is the fusion curve for water
(c) Trick question: there is no fusion
curve for water!
Curve 2

Fusion Curve
The fusion curve is the
boundary between the solid
and liquid phases; along that
curve they exist in
equilibrium with each other.
One of these two fusion curves has a
shape that is typical for most materials,
but the other has shape specific to water.

Curve 1

Which is which?

(a) Curve 1 is the fusion curve for water

(b) Curve 2 is the fusion curve for water
(c) Trick question: there is no fusion
curve for water!
Curve 2

Ice melts under pressure!

This is how an ice skate works

Fusion curve for water

Phase Equilibrium
The sublimation curve marks the boundary
between the solid and gas phases.
The triple point is where all three phases are
in equilibrium.

Heat and Phase Change

When two phases coexist, the temperature
remains the same even if a small amount of
heat is added. Instead of raising the
temperature, the heat goes into changing the
phase of the material melting ice, for example.

Latent Heat
The heat required to convert from one phase to
another is called the latent heat.
The latent heat, L, is the heat that must be
added to or removed from one kilogram of a
substance to convert it from one phase to
another. During the conversion process, the
temperature of the system remains constant.

Latent Heat
The latent heat of fusion is the heat needed to go
from solid to liquid;
the latent heat of vaporization from liquid to gas.

Boiling Potatoes
Will potatoes cook faster if
the water is boiling faster?
a) Yes
b) No
c) Wait, Im confused.
Am I still in Denver?

Boiling Potatoes
Will potatoes cook faster if
the water is boiling faster?
a)

Yes

b)

No

c)

Wait, Im confused.
Am I still in Denver?

The water boils at 100C and remains at that temperature until all
of the water has been changed into steam. Only then will the
steam increase in temperature. Because the water stays at the
same temperature, regardless of how fast it is boiling, the
potatoes will not cook any faster.

Follow-up: How can you cook the potatoes faster?

Youre in Hot Water!

Which will cause more
severe burns to your skin:
100C water or 100C
steam?

a) water
b) steam
c) both the same
d) it depends...

Youre in Hot Water!

Which will cause more
severe burns to your skin:
100C water or 100C
steam?

a) water
b) steam
c) both the same
d) it depends...

Although the water is indeed hot, it releases only 1 cal/(gK) of

heat as it cools. The steam, however, first has to undergo a
phase change into water and that process releases 540 cal/g,
cal/g
which is a very large amount of heat. That immense release
of heat is what makes steam burns so dangerous.

Phase Changes and Energy Conservation

Solving problems involving phase changes is
similar to solving problems involving heat
transfer, except that the latent heat must be
included as well.

Water and Ice

You put 1 kg of ice at 0C
together with 1 kg of water

a) 0C

at 50C. What is the final

b) between 0C and 50C

temperature?

c) 50C

LF = 80 cal/g
cwater = 1 cal/g C

d) greater than 50C

Water and Ice

You put 1 kg of ice at 0C

together with 1 kg of water

a) 0C

at 50C. What is the final

b) between 0C and 50C

temperature?

c) 50C

LF = 80 cal/g
cwater = 1 cal/g C

d) greater than 50C

How much heat is needed to melt the ice?

Q = mLf = (1000 g) (80 cal/g) = 80,000 cal
How much heat can the water deliver by cooling from 50 C to 0C?
Q = cwater mT = (1 cal/g C) (1000 g) (50C) = 50,000 cal
Thus, there is not enough heat available to melt all the ice!!

Ice Cold Root Beer

You have neglected to chill root
beer for your sons 5th-birthday
party. You submerge the cans
in a bath of ice and water as
you start dinner. How can you
hurry the cooling process?

a) Add more ice to the

icewater
b) add salt to the icewater
c) hold the icewater in an
evacuated chamber
(vacuum)
d) Jump in the car and drive
to a nearby convenience
store

Ice Cold Root Beer

You have neglected to chill root
beer for your sons 5th-birthday
party. You submerge the cans
in a bath of ice and water as
you start dinner. How can you
hurry the cooling process?

a) Add more ice to the

icewater
b) add salt to the icewater
c) hold the icewater in an
evacuated chamber
(vacuum)

d) Jump in the car and drive

todegrees,
a nearby
Not a), because ice water at 1 atm is zero
noconvenience
matter the
store
proportion of water and ice
Not c), because ice is less dense than water so you will raise the
melting point when you reduce the pressure. This will allow the
water to get a little warmer than 0o
Not d), because youll forget your wallet and it will end up taking
more time
b) because salt interferes with the formation of ice. This barrier to the
solid phase lowers the fusion temperature, and so reduces the
temperature of the ice water. (This is why you salt the sidewalk in winter.)

Again:explainingwhyputtingtheice/waterunder
vacuumwonthelptherootbeerchillfaster

Fusion curve for

most stuf

remember: water is weird: it melts

under pressure, and freezes under
vacuum, when near the fusion curve

Fusion curve for water

ThelargerT,themoreheattransfers
perunittime.Thus,thecoldertheice
bath,thefastertherootbeerwillchill,
andthewarmerthebath,theslowerthe
rootbeerwillchill

1
P

2
T

Whentwostatesexistinthesame
system(like,iceandwater),the
systemMUSTbeontheequilibrium
curve(inthecase,thefusioncurve).

Fusion curve for water

As pressure goes lower, the ice/water

mixture will ride the fusion curve from
point 1 to point 2.
This implies that temperature goes up.

Chapter 18
The Laws of
Thermodynamics

Reversible (frictionless pistons, etc.) and quasi-static processes

For a process to be reversible, it must be possible to return
both the system and its surroundings to the same states they
were in before the process began.

Quasistatic=slowenoughthatsystem
isalwayseffectivelyinequilibrium

areaunder
W=
thecurve

Internal Energy
An ideal gas is taken through
the four processes shown. The
changes in internal energy for
three of these processes is as
follows:

a) zero
b) -153 J
c) -41 J
d) -26 J

The change in internal energy

for the process from C to D is:

e) 41 J

Internal Energy

An ideal gas is taken through

the four processes shown. The
changes in internal energy for
three of these processes is as
follows:

a) zero
b) -153 J
c) -41 J
d) -26 J

The change in internal energy

for the process from C to D is:

PV = nRT
so in a PV cycle, T = 0
T = 0 means that U = 0

UCD = -41 J

e) 41 J

a) 4 P1V1
One mole of an ideal monatomic gas
undergoes the reversible expansion shown in
the figure, where V2 = 5 V1 and P2 = 3 P1.

b) 7 P1V1

How much work is done by the gas in this

process, in terms of the initial pressure
and volume?

d) 21 P1V1

c) 8 P1V1
e) 29 P1V1

P2=3P1
P1

V1

V2=5V1

a) 4 P1V1
One mole of an ideal monatomic gas
undergoes the reversible expansion shown in
the figure, where V2 = 5 V1 and P2 = 3 P1.

b) 7 P1V1

How much work is done by the gas in this

process, in terms of the initial pressure
and volume?

d) 21 P1V1

Area under the curve:

(4 V1)(P1) + 1/2 (4V1)(2P1)
= 8 V1P1

c) 8 P1V1
e) 29 P1V1

P2=3P1
P1

V1

V2=5V1

a) 7 P1V1
One mole of an ideal monatomic gas
undergoes the reversible expansion shown in
the figure, where V2 = 5 V1 and P2 = 3 P1.

b) 8 P1V1

How much internal energy is gained by

the gas in this process, in terms of the
initial pressure and volume?

d) 21 P1V1

c) 15 P1V1
e) 29 P1V1

P2=3P1
P1

V1

V2=5V1

a) 7 P1V1
One mole of an ideal monatomic gas
undergoes the reversible expansion shown in
the figure, where V2 = 5 V1 and P2 = 3 P1.

b) 8 P1V1

How much internal energy is gained by

the gas in this process, in terms of the
initial pressure and volume?

d) 21 P1V1

c) 15 P1V1
e) 29 P1V1

Ideal monatomic gas: U = 3/2 nRT

Ideal gas law: PV = nRT
U = 3/2 PV
P2V2 = 15 P1V1
(PV) = 14 P1V1

P2=3P1
P1

U = 21 P1V1
V1

V2=5V1

a) 7 P1V1
One mole of an ideal monatomic gas
undergoes the reversible expansion shown in
the figure, where V2 = 5 V1 and P2 = 3 P1.

b) 8 P1V1

How much heat is gained by the gas in

this process, in terms of the initial
pressure and volume?

d) 21 P1V1

c) 15 P1V1
e) 29 P1V1

P2=3P1
P1

V1

V2=5V1

a) 7 P1V1
One mole of an ideal monatomic gas
undergoes the reversible expansion shown in
the figure, where V2 = 5 V1 and P2 = 3 P1.
How much heat is gained by the gas in
this process, in terms of the initial
pressure and volume?

b) 8 P1V1
c) 15 P1V1
d) 21 P1V1
e) 29 P1V1

First Law of Thermodynamics

W = 8 P 1V 1

P2=3P1
P1

V1

V2=5V1

Internal Energy
a) at constant pressure

An ideal gas undergoes a

reversible expansion to 2 times
its original volume. In which of
these processes does the gas
have the largest loss of
internal energy?

b) if the pressure increases in

proportion to the volume
c) if the pressure decreases in
proportion to the volume
d) at constant temperature
e) adiabatically

Internal Energy
a) at constant pressure

An ideal gas undergoes a

reversible expansion to 2 times
its original volume. In which of
these processes does the gas
have the largest loss of
internal energy?

b) if the pressure increases in

proportion to the volume
c) if the pressure decreases in
proportion to the volume
d) at constant temperature
e) adiabatically

Since U = 3/2 nRT, and PV=nRT, the largest loss in internal energy
corresponds to the largest drop in temperature, and so the largest
drop in the product PV.
a) PV doubles. Ufinal = 2Uinitial
b) (PV)final = 4 (PV)initial Ufinal = 4Uinitial
c) PV is constant, so U is constant
d) U is constant
e) Adiabatic, so U = -W. This is the only process which reduces U!

Specific Heat for an Ideal Gas at Constant Volume

Specific heats for ideal gases must be quoted
either at constant pressure or at constant
volume. For a constant-volume process,

FirstLawofThermodynamics

ConstantVolume

Foranidealgas(from
thekinetictheory)

Specific Heat for an Ideal Gas at Constant Pressure

At constant pressure, (some work is done)

Some of the heat energy goes into the mechanical work, so

more heat input is required to produce the same T

FirstLawofThermodynamics

Foranidealgas(from
thekinetictheory)

Specific Heats for an Ideal Gas

Both CV and CP can
be calculated for a
monatomic ideal gas
using the first law of Although this calculation was
done for an ideal, monatomic
thermodynamics.

gas, the diference Cp - Cv works

well for real gases.

Specific Heats and Adiabats In Ideal Gas

The P-V curve for an adiabat is
given by

for
monotonic
gases

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No office hours today
Regular office hours Thursday
Office hours from 9:00-3:30 Friday