Educational Technology

Pratheesh P k

Educational Technology
Educational

Technology is the systematic

application of scientific knowledge to
teaching, learning and conditions of
learning to improve the efficiency of
teaching and training.
G.O.M Leith

Robert M Gagnae
Educational

Technology can be
understood as meaning the development
of a set of systematic technique, and
accompanying practical knowledge for
designing testing and operating school as
educational systems.

Indian educationalist
S.S Kulkarni
Educational

Technology

Chapter Objectives
Definitions

of educational technology
Identifying the component parts of a
computer system
Functions of a given systems device
Classifying computer software
Describing the contributions of educational
technologists
Classifying educational technology products

However, Saettler (1990) urges

The historical function of

educational technology is a
process rather than a
product.

Any useful definition of

educational technology,
therefore, must focus on the
process of applying tools for
educational purposes, and the
materials used.

In education, the combination

of process and product merges
instructional procedures with
instructional tools.

Technology in Education as
Media and Audiovisual
Communications

 Audiovisual

movement: ways of delivering

information that could be used as
alternatives to lectures and books.
Audiovisual communications: the branch
of educational theory and practice
concerned primarily with the design and
use of messages which control the learning
process. (Saettler, IETIE,p6)
AECT- Association for Ed. Commo. and
Technology.

Technology in Education as
Instructional Systems

 1960s

and 1970s
Human and non-human resources
( teachers and media).
Systematic approach to designing,
developing, and delivering instruction
matched to carefully identified needs.
International Society for Performance
Improvement.
Validating and creating instruction.

Approaches to Technology
in Education

An emphasis on Computer
Systems
Computers as media are becoming
more complex and more capable.
Computer systems are subsuming
other forms of media.
The perceived complexity of computerbased systems has made it more difficult for
educators to effectively integrate software
and computer media into classrooms.

Background on
Computer-based
Educational
Technology

Whats a Computer??
Hardware

Providing the Electronic Capability

Software

Communicating with the Hardware

Any electromechanical device that
accepts input, processes input and
produces output.

Software in a Computer
System
Systems

Software ( Types of
Operating Systems)
Applications Software (used for
Education, Entertainment, or
Edutainment)

Systems Software (Types

of Operating Systems)
Unix
Ms-DOS
Apple

Dos, ProDOS
Macintosh DOS, System 7
Windows 95

Applications Software for

Education
Tool

Software:

1. Word Processing
2. Spreadsheets
3. Database Management
4. Integrated Packages
5. Graphics Software
6. Communications Software
7. Other Tools

Applications Software for

Education( cont.)
Programming

Software:

1. BASIC
2. Logo
3. FORTRAN
4. COBOL, SNOBOL
5. C
6. Pascal
7. PL/1

Hardware: Providing the

Electronic Capability
1. Input functions:

Keyboard
Mouse
Joystick and game paddle
Bar-code reader
Scanner
Touch screen and light pen

Hardware: Providing the

Electronic Capability (cont.)
2. Output Functions
Printers
Monitors

3. Input and Output Functions

Disk drives

The CPUs Steps

Step 1.
The controller gets an instruction from the
systems internal memory and puts it in a
register.
Step 2.
The controller directs the ALU to do
necessary computations.
Step 3.
The controller gets the result from the
register and stores it once again in internal
memory.

CPU Central Processing

Unit
ALU

: stands for Arithmetic/Logic

Unit
Control Unit: directs the activities of
the whole system.

The Internal and External

Memory and
Communication Functions
The

internal memory functions:

A limited amount of space is arranged
inside the computer for storage of
instructions. For example: RAM and
ROM.
The external memory functions:
External storage devices can store larger
quantities of information. For Example:
Hard Disks and CD-ROM.

The Internal and External

Memory and
Communications Functions
The

communications function is optional,

but it is vital for communicating with
other systems. For example: Modem and
Fax.

Software: Communicating
with the Hardware
Programming Languages:
Low-Level languages (Machine and
Assembly).
High-Level languages (Java, Cobol, VC+
+ and Fortran ).

Types of Software
Systems

Software

Acts as a visible interface between the

machine and the user.
Applications

Software

Programs written to do tasks, such as

word processing or drawing pictures.

Software Design
Step 1. Analyzing the problem
Step 2. Developing the algorithm
Step 3. Coding
Step 4. Testing
Step 5. Revising and Debugging

Types of Computer Systems

Personal

Computers
Mini and Mainframe Computers
Supercomputers
Cost , the number of users that can be
supported, size, speed, and storage capacity
distinguish between these.

Comenius

Hard ware and software approach

Hard ware

Hardware Approach has physical

science and applied engineering
asits basis.

Hardware approach in education

is the view of Finn and his
colleagues.

Hardware Approach has

mechanised the whole teachinglearning process.

Soft ware

In software approach, the basis of

all thinking and working is
behavioural science and psychology
of learning

This approach to educational

technology originated from the
efforts of B.F.Skinner, Gagne and
Norman.A.Crowder.

It is sometimes referred to as
Teaching Technology,
Instructional Technology or
Behavior Technology.

HARD WARE APPROACH

Hardware Approach adopts

a Product-oriented
Approach.
Hardware technology has
the potential to hand over
the educational benefits to
the mass with greater ease
and economy.

SOFTWARE APPROACH

It is a Process-oriented
Approach
It does not have any such
wide application

System

A system is a set of inter-connected and inter-related

elements directed to achieve certain goals.

It consists mainly of three aspects-input, process and

output.

The input to a given teaching/learning system

consists of people, resources and information

The output consists of people whose performance or

ideas have improved in desired way.

Process consists of sequence of interdependent and

linkedprocedures which, convert inputs intooutputs.

Systems Approach to education emphasizes

System

Identifying and stating the goals to be achieved.

Identifying the processes, methods, techniques and

strategies that may be most relevant to achieving the
predetermined goals;

Building up theoretical foundation justifying the

relevance of these processes to achieving the goals;

Determining specific interactions visualized existing

among various other components of inputs;

Specifying the various kinds of controls needed in the

total system at different points; and

Keeping the whole in mind all the time while preparing

the model or the system.

System Approach
This

is the modern approach.

It acts as a link between hardware and
software approach.
It is also known as 'Management
Technology'.
It has brought to educational management a
scientific approach for solving educational
administrative problems.

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