Subject : - Basic Electronics (2110016)

Topic

: - Operatoin Amplifier

Name

: - Chauhan Shailesh v.

Enrollment No : - 130070109010

+Vcc
Very high differential
Input 1
gain
+
Vo
High input impedance
Vd
Output
Low output impedance

Input 2
Provide voltage changes
(amplitude and polarity)
Rin~inf -Vcc Rout~0
Used in oscillator, filter
Vo GdVd
and instrumentation
Accumulate a very high
Gd : differential gain normally
gain by multiple stages
very large, say 105
2

OFFSET
NULL

8 N.C.

-IN

V+

+IN

OUTPUT

OFFSET
NULL

DIP-741

OUTPUT A

-IN A

+IN A

7 OUTPUT B

V+

-IN B

5 +IN B

Dual op-amp 1458 device

~ Vi

+ terminal : Source
terminal : Ground
0o phase change

+ terminal : Ground
terminal : Source
180o phase change

Differential input

Vd V V

0o phase shift change

between Vo and Vd
+

~ V1

Qu: What Vo should be if,

Ans: (A or B) ?
(A)

(B)
5

+V =+5V
cc

+5V
o

0
5V

V =5V
cc

The output voltage never excess the DC

voltage supply of the Op-Amp

Same voltage source is applied

at both terminals
Ideally, two input are equally
amplified
Output voltage is ideally zero
due to differential voltage is
zero
Practically, a small output
signal can still be measured

Note for differential circuits:

Opposite inputs : highly amplified
Common inputs : slightly
amplified
Common-Mode Rejection
7

Differential voltage input :

Vd V V

Common voltage input :

1
Vc (V V )
2

Output voltage :

Vo Gd Vd GcVc
Gd : Differential gain
Gc : Common mode gain

Noninverting
+
Input
Output
Inverting
Input

Common-mode rejection ratio:

CMRR

Gd
G
20 log10 d (dB)
Gc
Gc

Note:
When Gd >> Gc or CMRR
Vo = GdVd
8

What is the CMRR?

100V

100V

60700V

80600V
20V

40V

Solution :
Vd 1 100 20 80V

(1)

Vd 2 100 40 60V

100 20
100 40
60V
Vc 2
70V
2
2
From (1)
Vo 80Gd 60Gc 80600V

Vc1

From (2)
Gd 1000

(2)

Vo 60Gd 70Gc 60700V

and

Gc 10

CMRR 20 log(1000 / 10) 40dB

NB: This method is Not work! Why?

9

(1) Infinite Open Loop gain

-

The gain without feedback

Equal to differential gain
Zero common-mode gain
Pratically, Gd = 20,000 to 200,000

(2) Infinite Input impedance

-

Input current ii ~0A

T- in high-grade op-amp
m-A input current in low-grade opamp

(3) Zero Output Impedance

-

act as perfect internal voltage source

No internal resistance
Output impedance in series with load
Reducing output voltage to the load
Practically, Rout ~ 20-100

V1

V2

Vo

i1~0

i2~0

Vo

Rout
Vo' +

Vload

Rload
Rload
Vo
Rload Rout
10

Ideally, signals are amplified

from DC to the highest AC
(Voltage Gain)
frequency
Gd
Practically, bandwidth is limited 0.707Gd
741 family op-amp have an limit
bandwidth of few KHz.

Unity Gain frequency f1: the

gain at unity
Cutoff frequency fc: the gain
drop by 3dB from dc gain Gd

20log(0.707)=3dB

1
0

fc

f1
(frequency)

GB Product : f1 = Gd fc
11

Example: Determine the cutoff frequency of an op-amp

having a unit gain frequency f1 = 10 MHz and voltage
differential gain Gd = 20V/mV
(Voltage Gain)

Sol:
Since f1 = 10 MHz

Gd
0.707Gd

? Hz

By using GB production equation

f1 = Gd fc
fc = f1 / Gd = 10 MHz / 20 V/mV
= 10 106 / 20 103
= 500 Hz

10MHz

1
0

fc

f1
(frequency)

12

Ideal

Practical

Open Loop gain A

105

Bandwidth BW

10-100Hz

Input Impedance Zin

>1M

10-100

Output Impedance Zout

Output Voltage Vout

Depends only
on Vd =
(V+V)
Differential
mode signal

CMRR

Depends slightly
on average input
Vc = (V++V)/2
Common-Mode
signal

Vin

+ AVin

Ideal op-amp

Zout=0

Vin

Zin

Vout

Practical op-amp

Zout
~

Vout

AVin

10-100dB
13

Analysis Method :
Two ideal Op-Amp Properties:
(1) The voltage between V+ and V is zero V+ = V
(2) The current into both V+ and V termainals is zero
For ideal Op-Amp circuit:
(1) Write the kirchhoff node equation at the
noninverting terminal V+
(2) Write the kirchhoff node eqaution at the inverting
terminal V
(3) Set V+ = V and solve for the desired closed-loop
gain
14

Noninverting Amplifier
(1)

(2)

Kirchhoff node equation at V+

yields, V Vi
Kirchhoff node equation at V
yields, V 0 V Vo 0
Ra

(3)

in

Ra

Rf

Rf

Setting V+ = V yields
Vi Vi Vo

0
Ra
Rf
or

Rf
Vo
1
Vi
Ra

15

v+

v-

vi

v+
v-

Rf
Ra

)vi

Rf

Voltage follower

vo vi

R2

v-

vo

vo

Rf

Ra

Noninverting amplifier

vo (1

R1

v+

vi

Noninverting input with voltage divider

Rf
R2
vo (1 )(
)vi
Ra R1 R2
v

v+
i

v-

Less than unity gain

vo

R2
vi
R1 R2
16

(1)

Rf

Kirchhoff node equation at

V+ yields,
V 0

Ra

V ~

(2)

Kirchhoff node equation at

V yields,
Vin V_ Vo V

0
Ra
Rf

(3)

Setting V+ = V yields Notice: The closed-loop gain V /V is

o
in

Vo R f

Vin
Ra

in

dependent upon the ratio of two resistors,

and is independent of the open-loop gain.
This is caused by the use of feedback output
voltage to subtract from the input voltage.
17

(1)

Kirchhoff node equation at

V+ yields,
V 0

(2)

Va
Vb
Kirchhoff node equation at Vc
V yields,
V_ Vo
Rf

(3)

Rf
Ra
Rb
Rc

V Va V Vb V Vc

0
Ra
Rb
Rc

Setting V+ = V yields
c V
Va Vb Vc
j
Vo R f

R f
j a R j
Ra Rb Rc

18

Now replace resistors Ra and Rf by complex

components Za and Zf, respectively, therefore
Zf
Vo
Vin
Supposing
Za
(i) The feedback component is a capacitor C, in
1
i.e.,
Zf
jC
(ii) The input component is a resistor R, Za = R
Therefore, the closed-loop gain (Vo/Vin) become:

Zf
Za

V ~

where

vi (t ) Vi e

jt

V ~
in

C
R

1
vo (t )
vi (t )dt

RC

What happens if Za = 1/jC whereas, Zf = R?

Inverting differentiator
19

Example:
(a) Determine the rate of change
of the output voltage.

C
+5V
0

R
100s

(b) Draw the output waveform.

10 k

0.01F

Vo(max)=10 V

Solution:
(a) Rate of change of the output voltage
Vo
V
5V
i
t
RC (10 k)(0.01 F)
50 mV/s

(b) In 100 s, the voltage decrease

Vo (50 mV/s)(100s) 5V

+5V
0

0
-5V
-10V

20

R
0

to

C
t1

t2

to

t1

t2

dVi
vo
RC
dt

21

Operational Amplifier

Ref:080114HKN

22