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IanWoolford
DepartmentofAsianStudies
TheUniversityofTexasatAustin
TheBritishEmpire
TheDevilfishinEgyptianWaters
HowdidtheBritishruleIndia?
Itwasntasuddenprocess
Beganin1750s
Tookfullcontrolin1857
TheEastIndiaCompany
TookoverfromthedecliningMughal
Empire
Atradingrelationshipatfirst
KickingIndiaaround
HowdidtheBritishruleIndia?
Begantotakeovertaxationofpeople
UsedthesamesystemastheMughalempire
Promisedprotection
In1850:300,000meninarmy.
Only50,000wereBritish
100,000Britishmenrulingover200million
Indians
TwoViews
ofIndianLife
Twoviewsof
IndianLife
GandhiSpinningCloth
MacaulaysMinuteonEducation
Whatthenshallthatlanguagebe?OnehalfoftheCommittee
maintainthatitshouldbetheEnglish.Theotherhalfstrongly
recommendtheArabicandSanskrit.Thewholequestionseems
tometobe,whichlanguageisthebestworthknowing?
IhavenoknowledgeofeitherSanskritorArabic.ButIhave
donewhatIcouldtoformacorrectestimateoftheirvalue.I
havereadtranslationsofthemostcelebratedArabicand
Sanskritworks.Ihaveconversedbothhereandathomewith
mendistinguishedbytheirproficiencyintheEasterntongues.I
amquitereadytotaketheOrientallearningatthevaluationof
theOrientaliststhemselves.Ihaveneverfoundoneamongthem
whocoulddenythatasingleshelfofagoodEuropeanlibrary
wasworththewholenativeliteratureofIndiaandArabia.The
intrinsicsuperiorityoftheWesternliteratureis,indeed,fully
admittedbythosemembersoftheCommitteewhosupportthe
Orientalplanofeducation.
SirThomasMacaulay(18001859)
The1857Rebellion
CalledtheSepoyRebellion
Problemoverloadingbullets
Lastedforoverayear
IndiansralliedbehindtheagingMughal
emperor
PictureofSepoyrebellion
FromPunchMagazine:
BenjaminDisraeligives
Victoriahernewcrown
TheQueenWith
TwoHeads
No,Benjamin.Itwillnever
do!Youcantimproveon
theoldQueensHead!
Honoringtheempress
Justice!
Ihopetheyunderstand
thembetterthanwedid
backthen
Areasunder
Britishcontrol
1836
Areasunder
Britishcontrol
1857
Areasunder
Britishcontrol
19191947
Lagaan
Lagaan:Taxes,taxes,taxes
Landlordswereallowedtoownthe
land.Theyhadtopayfixedrevenues
totheBritish
Sosomelandlordswereloyaltothe
British
Champeneervillage
MahatmaGandhi(18691948)
MahatmaGandhi
InstructionstoSatyagrahis
Harbornoanger,butsuffertheangerofthe
opponent.Donotreturnassaults
Donotsubmittoanordergiveninanger
Refrainfrominsultsandswearing
Protecttheopponentsfrominsultorattack,
evenattheriskoflife
Iftakenprisoner,behaveinanexemplary
manner
Obeytheordersofthesatyagrahaleaders
StepsinaSatyagrahaCampaign
Negotiationandarbitration
Preparationofthegroupfordirectaction
Agitation
Issuinganultimatum
Economicboycottandformsofstrike
Noncooperation
CivilDisobedience
Usurpingthefunctionsofthegovernment
ParallelGovernment
The1930SaltMarch
Accordingtolaw,theBritishhada
monopolyonthemanufactureandsale
ofsalt.
Indianswerearrestediftheytriedto
makesalt.
GandhidirectlydefiedBritishlawand
marchedtotheoceantocollectsalt.
GandhislettertoLordIrwin
Beforeembarkingoncivildisobedienceand
takingtheriskIhavedreadedtotakeallthese
years,Iwouldfainapproachyouandfinda
wayout....Whilst,therefore,Iholdthe
Britishruletobeacurse,Idonotintend
harmtoasingleEnglishmanortoany
legitimateinteresthemayhaveinIndia....
AndwhydoIregardtheBritishruleasa
curse?
GandhislettertoLordIrwin,
Ithasimpoverishedthedumbmillionsbya
systemofprogressiveexploitationandbya
ruinouslyexpensivemilitaryandcivil
administrationwhichthecountrycannever
afford.
Ithasreduceduspoliticallytoserfdom.It
hassappedthefoundationofourculture.
And,bythepolicyofcrueldisarmament,it
hasdegradedusspiritually.
GandhislettertoLordIrwin
TheBritishsystemseemstobedesignedto
crushtheverylifeoutoftheIndianfarmer.
Eventhesalthemustusetoliveonissotaxed
astomaketheburdenfallheaviestonhim.The
drinkanddrugrevenue,too,isderivedfromthe
poor.Iftheweightoftaxationhascrushedthe
poorfromabove,thedestructionofthecentral
supplementaryindustry,i.e.,handspinning,has
underminedtheircapacityforproducing
wealth...
GandhislettertoLordIrwin
Ifyoucannotseeyourwaytodealwith
theseevilsandmylettermakesno
appealtoyourheart,Ishallproceed
withsuchcoworkersoftheAshramas
Icantake,todisregardtheprovisions
ofthesaltlaws.
SaltMarchMonument
Gandhipicksupagrainofsalt
indefianceofBritishlaw.
RudyardKipling
TheWhiteMansBurden
ByRudyardKipling
TakeuptheWhiteMan'sburden
Sendforththebestyebreed
Gobindyoursonstoexile
Toserveyourcaptives'need;
Towaitinheavyharness,
Onflutteredfolkandwild
Yournewcaught,sullenpeoples,
Halfdevilandhalfchild.
TakeuptheWhiteMan'sburden
Thesavagewarsofpeace
FillfullthemouthofFamine
Andbidthesicknesscease;
Andwhenyourgoalisnearest
Theendforotherssought,
WatchslothandheathenFolly
Bringallyourhopestonaught.
TakeuptheWhiteMan'sburden
Inpatiencetoabide,
Toveilthethreatofterror
Andchecktheshowofpride;
Byopenspeechandsimple,
Anhundredtimesmadeplain
Toseekanother'sprofit,
Andworkanother'sgain.
TakeuptheWhiteMan'sburden
Notawdryruleofkings,
Buttoilofserfandsweeper
Thetaleofcommonthings.
Theportsyeshallnotenter,
Theroadsyeshallnottread,
Gomarkthemwithyourliving,
Andmarkthemwithyourdead.
TakeuptheWhiteMan'sburden
TakeuptheWhiteMan'sburden
Andreaphisoldreward:
Havedonewithchildishdays
Theblameofthoseyebetter,
Thelightlyproferredlaurel,
Thehateofthoseyeguard
Theeasy,ungrudgedpraise.
Thecryofhostsyehumour
(Ah,slowly!)towardthelight: Comesnow,tosearchyourmanhood
"Whybroughtheusfrombondage, Throughallthethanklessyears
Cold,edgedwithdearboughtwisdom,
OurlovedEgyptiannight?"
Thejudgmentofyourpeers!
TakeuptheWhiteMan'sburden
Yedarenotstooptoless
NorcalltooloudonFreedom
Toclokeyourweariness;
Byallyecryorwhisper,
Byallyeleaveordo,
Thesilent,sullenpeoples
Shallweighyourgodsandyou.
KiplingsWhiteMansBurden
AccordingtoKipling,andinyourownwords,what
wasthe"WhiteMansBurden"?
WhatrewarddidKiplingsuggestthe"WhiteMan"
getsforcarryinghis"burden"?
WhodidKiplingthinkwouldreadhispoem?What
doyouthinkthatthisaudiencemighthavesaidin
responsetoit?
Howdoyoufeelaboutthepoem?Ifyouwerea
citizenofacolonizedterritory,howwouldyou
respondtoKipling?
Blank