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 are pore-forming proteins that help

establish and control the small voltage gradient
across the plasma membrane of all living cells by
allowing the flow of ions down their
electrochemical gradient.

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›hey are present in the membranes that surround all
biological cells.
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< mon channels may be classified by the

nature of their gating, the species of ions
passing through those gates, and the
number of gates (pores).
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< m

< mon channels may be classified by gating, i.e. what
opens and closes the channels.

< Voltage-gated ion channels open or close

depending on the voltage gradient across the
plasma membrane,

< while ligand-gated ion channels open or close

depending on binding of ligands to the channel.
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< Voltage gated sodium channels

< Voltage gated calcium channels

< Voltage gated potassium channels

< ›ransient receptor potential channels

< Hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide gated

channels

< Voltage gated proton channels

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<m

< ahloride channels
< Potassium channels
Voltage-gated potassium channels
aalcium-activated potassium channels
mnward-rectifier potassium channels
›wo-pore-domain potassium channels
< Sodium channels
voltage-gated sodium channels
epithelial sodium channels (ENaa)
< aalcium channels
< Proton channels
Voltage-gated proton channels
< à
 




Yost ›ransient receptor potential channels
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< ¯ members (Nav1.1-Nav1.¯)
< ›he pore of sodium channels contains a selectivity
filter made of negatively charged amino acid
residues, which attract the positive Na+ ion and
keep out negatively charged ions such as chloride.
›he cations flow into a more constricted part of
the pore that is 0.3 by 0.5 nm wide.
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›he pore-forming ǂ subunits are very large (up to 4,000

amino acids) and consist of four homologous repeat
domains (m-mV) each comprising six transmembrane
segments (S1-S6) for a total of 24 transmembrane segments
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< Extr r
< Ôlkaloid based toxins
tetrodotoxin (›› )
saxitoxin (S› )
< m
tr r
< `rugs which block sodium channels by blocking from the
intracellular side of the channel include:
< Local anesthetics
< alass m antiarrhythmic agents
< alass ma agents include quinidine, procainamide and
disopyramide.
< alass mb agents include lidocaine, mexiletine, tocainide, and
phenytoin.
< alass mc agents include encainide, flecainide, moricizine, and
propafenone.
< Some anticonvulsants
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Voltage-gated potassium channels

aalcium-activated potassium channels

mnward-rectifier potassium channels

›wo-pore-domain potassium channels

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