VITAL

STATISTICS
RATES AND
RATIOS

RATE
Shows the relationship between
a vital event and those persons
exposed to the occurrence of
said event, within a given area
and during a specified unit of
time.
It is evident that the persons
experiencing the event (the
numerator) must come from the

RATIO

It is used to describe the relationship

between 2 numerical quantities or
measures of events without taking
particular considerations to time or
place.
These quantities need not necessarily
represent the same entities, although
the unit of measure must be the
same for both numerator and
denominator of the ratio

CRUDE OR GENERAL
RATES

These rates refer to

the total living
population. It must be
presumed that the
total population was
exposed to the risk of

SPECIFIC RATE
The relationship is for a
specific population, class or
group.
It limits the occurrence of the
event to that portion of the
population definitely exposed
to it

Crude Birth Rate

A measure of one characteristic
of the natural growth or increase
of a population.
CBR =

Total no. of livebirths registered in a given

calendar X 1,000
Estimated population as of July 1 of the same
year

CRUDE DEATH RATE

A measure of one mortality from all
causes which may result in decrease of
population
CDR =Total no. of deaths registered in a given
calendar year x 1,000
Midyear population in a given Calendar
year

INFANT MORTALITY RATE

Measures the risk of dying
during the 1st year of life.
It is a good index of the general
health condition of a community
since it reflects the changes in
the environmental and medical
condition of a community

IMR= Total no. of deaths under 1 year of

age registered in a given calendar year X
1,000
Total No. of registered live births
of same Calendar year

MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE

It measures the risk of dying from
causes related to pregnancy child and
puerperium
It is an index of the obstetrical care
needed and received by the women in a
community
MMR=Total no. of deaths from maternal causes
registered for a given calendar year X1,000
Total no. of live births registered of same

FETAL DEATH RATE

Measures pregnancy
wastage.
Death of the product of
conception occurs prior
to its complete expulsion
irrespective of duration
of pregnancy

NEONATAL DEATH RATE

Measures the risk of

dying during the 1st
month of life
May serve as index of
the effects of prenatal
care and obstetrical
management on the

NDR=No. of deaths under 28 days of age

registered in a given calendar year X 1,000
Total no. of live births registered of the
same Calendar year

SPECIFIC DEATH RATE

Describe more accurately the risk of
exposure of certain classes or groups to
particular diseases.
To understand the forces of mortality, the
rates should be made specific provided the
data are available for both the population
and the event in their specifications.
Specific rates render more comparable
results and thus, reveal the problems of
public health.

Deaths in a specific class or

registered in a given calendar
year
Specific Death Rate=
--------------------------------------- X 1000
Estimated population as of
July
1 in same specified class
or group of the
said year

EXAMPLES
no. of deaths in a specific
cause registered in a given
Cause-Specific Death Rate= calendar
year..X 1000
Estimated population as of
July 1 in same year

EXAMPLES
No of deaths in a particular
age group registered in a
Age-Specific = given calendar year X
1000
Death Rate
Estimated
Population
as of July 1st in same
age group of the same year

EXAMPLES
No. of Deaths of a certain
sex registered in a
Sex-Specific =given calendar year X
1000
Death Rate Estimated population
as of

INCIDENCE RATE (IR)

Measures the frequency of
occurrence of a phenomenon in a
given period of time
Deals only with new cases
no. of new cases of a particular
disease registered
IR = during a specific period of time x
1000
Population at risk

PREVALENCE RATE (PR)

Measures the proportion of the
population which exhibits a particular
disease at a particular time
This can only be determined
following a survey of the population
concerned
Deals with total (old and new)
number of cases

No. of new and old cases of a

certain
PR = disease registered at a given
time X 100
Total no. of person examined at
same given year

ATTACK RATE (AR)

A more accurate measure of the risk
of exposure
Useful in epidemiological
investigations
No. of persons acquiring a disease
AR = registered in a given year X 100
No. of exposed in same
disease in same year

PROPORTIONATE MORTALITY
(DEATH RATIOS)
Shows the numerical relationship
between deaths from a cause (or
group of causes), age (or group of
age) etc. and the total no. of deaths
from all causes in all ages taken
together
Not a measure of risk of dying

No. of registered deaths from a

PM = specific cause or age for a given
year X 100
No. of registered deaths from all
causes, all ages in same year

CASE FATALITY RECORD

(CFR)
INDEX OF THE KILLING POWER OF A
DISEASE
IT IS INFLUENCED BY INCOMPLETE
REPORTING AND POOR MORBIDITY
RATE
No. of registered deaths from a
CFR =specific disease for a given year
X 100
No. of registered cases from same
specific disease in same year

SWAROOPS INDEX
INDEX OF DEATHS ABOVE 50 YEARS
OLD
SWAROOPS INDEX = Total deaths, 50
years and above X 100
Total deaths, all ages in
same year