Material And Energy

Balance
Presented By: Ahmed Nawaz
Roll No: 13CH153
Supervised by:
Professor Dr. Aziza Aftaab

Why we study material and

energy balance:

Material and energy balances are very important in an industry.

Material balances are fundamental to the control of processing,

particularly in the control of yields of the products. The first material
balances are determined in the exploratory stages of a new process,
improved during pilot plant experiments when the process is being
planned and tested, checked out when the plant is commissioned and
then refined and maintained as a control instrument as production
continues. When any changes occur in the process, the material balances
need to be determined again.

The increasing cost of energy has caused the industries to examine

means of reducing energy consumption in processing. Energy balances are
used in the examination of the various stages of a process, over the whole
process and even extending over the total production system from the
raw material to the finished product.

Mass Balance

Amass balance, also called amaterial balance, is an

application ofconservation of massto the analysis of
physical systems. By accounting for material entering
and leaving a system,mass flowscan be identified
which might have been unknown, or difficult to
measure without this technique. The exactconservation
lawused in the analysis of the system depends on the
context of the problem, but all revolve around mass
conservation, i.e. thatmattercannot disappear or be
created spontaneously

Equation Of Material Balance

Types Of Mass Balance

1.Differential Balance

Differential balance focuses on the mechanism within the

system.

It is taken at one particular instant at a time.

If the process is steady state, then the differential mass

balance is same at any time.

Differential mass balance represents a process stream and

the mass flow rate of material.

2. Integral Balance

Integral material balance is taken at two instant at

specific time. It describes how transference of material
occurs over the time period between two intervals.

An integral balance is a black box approach which focus on

the overall behaviour of system. It is generally applied to
the beginning and end of batch process.

Each Integral Balance represents a process stream and

mass of material means it uses the amount of material no
the rate of materials flowing.

Material Balance Planning

Material balancesare a method ofeconomic planningwhere material

supplies are accounted for in natural units (as opposed to using
monetary accounting) and used to balance the supply of available
inputs with targeted outputs. Material balancing involves taking a
survey of the available inputs and raw materials in an economy and
then using a balance sheet to balance the inputs with output targets
specified by industry to achieve a balance between supply and
demand. This balance is used to formulate a plan for resource
allocation and investment in a national economy.

The method of material balances is contrasted with the method

ofinput-output planningdeveloped byWassillie Leontief.

Steps for Material Balance:

1.

Draw a flow chart: a boundary must be established so that

the material input and output can be determined.

2.

Define Basis And Units : In order to determine the material

balance, a basis of calculation must be defined and the
uniformity of Units is mandatory.

3.

Do the degree of freedom analysis: it provides the

mechanism to check whether the material balance
equation is solvable or not. Typically equations are soluble
if the degree of freedom is 1.

4.

Write the material balance equation:

Energy balance:

Energy balance is basically the application of First Law

of Thermodynamics that:

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, But It

can change from one form to another.

The main form of Energy is heat. Therefore practical

applications of energy balances tend to focus on
particular dominant aspects and so a heat balance, for
example, can be a useful description of important cost
and quality aspects of process situation.

Heat Balances

The most common important energy form is heat energy

and the conservation of this can be illustrated by
considering operations such as heating and drying. In
these, enthalpy (total heat) is conserved and as with
the mass balances so enthalpy balances can be written
round the various items of equipment. or process
stages, or round the whole plant, and it is assumed that
no appreciable heat is converted to other forms of
energy such as work.

Use Of energy balance In Industries

Energy Balance use as a facility in the energy system of Industry. There

are various energy systems/utility services provides the required type
of secondary energy such as steam, compressed air, chilled water etc.
to the production facility in the manufacturing plant.

The Sankey Diagram and its Use

The Sankey diagram is very useful tool to represent an entire input and
output energy flow in any energy equipment or system such as boiler
generation, fired heaters, furnaces after carrying out energy balance
calculation. This diagram represents visually various outputs and losses
so that energy managers can focus on finding improvements in a
prioritized manner.

Guidelines for the system involving both material and

energy balance:
Clearly identify the problem to be studied.
Define a boundary that encloses the entire system or sub-system to be
analysed. Entering and leaving mass and energy flows must be measured at the
boundary.
The boundary must be chosen in such a way that: a) All relevant flows must
cross it, all non-relevant flows being within the boundary.
b) Measurements at the boundary must be possible in an easy and accurate
manner.
Select an appropriate test period depending on the type of process and
product.
Carry out the measurements.
Calculate the energy and mass flow.
Verify an energy and mass balance. If the balances are outside acceptable
limits, then repeat the measurements.
The energy release or use in endothermic and exothermic processes should be
taken into consideration in the energy balance.