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LMS-BOPTN 2014

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL SCIENCE

3rd Materials (Aggregates)


By
Prof. M. Wihardi Tjaronge

Significance:
Cost
Provide dimensional stability
Influence hardness, abrasion
resistance, modulus elasticity

Aggregate and
Skeleton

There is no contact between the aggregate


Like skeleton that transfers the power
Aggregate Cement paste Aggregate

Concrete cross section


10 10
3

AGGREGATE
In the past
Gravel stone and sand was the
basic.

Coarse and Fine Aggregate


Definition
Fine aggregate aggregate pass through of 5 mm
sieve opening 4.75 mm
Coarse aggregate aggregate which is retained of 5 mm sieve

Practical Classification
Fine aggregate aggregate which pass all of 10 mm
sieve and more than 85 mass of 5 mm sieve.
Coarse aggregate aggregate which remains more than 85%
(mass) of 5 mm sieve.

Aggregate type

Fine Aggregate < 3/16 in


and > 150 (No. 200 sieve)

Aggregate (ASTM
C-33)
Coarse Aggregate > 3/16 in
- 40 mm

Aggregates Classified by the Origin


Natural Aggregate
river sand, river gravel sea sand, sea gravel)
mountain sand, mountain gravel
Artificial Aggregate
crushed sand, crushed stone --In a sense, is a
natural aggregate.
Industrial by-product Aggregate
Slag aggregate with multiple kinds recycle
aggregate
Artificial Lightweight Aggregate
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Artificial Lightweight Aggregate

Aggregate Performance
Requirements
The strength of aggregate itself
Do not inhibit hydration reaction of cement
The distribution of particles is appropriate
Water content is appropriate
Cement composition and abnormal (excessive) are
not a chemical reaction

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Aggregate Performance 2 Perspectives


The property of stone itself
Strength, elastic modulus, density
Because the property of the aggregate
itself it is difficult to fix artificially
The property as the aggregate
Granularity weight per unit volume,
soundness
It can be adjusted artificially

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Various Properties of
Aggregates
Category : Physical Properties

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Aggregate properties: particle size and particle shape

Particle size distribution of grain size


Particle size distribution represents of Fineness
modulus
However the fineness modulus is a small part of the
information.

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GRAIN SHAPE
Spherical oval and flat shape
It is difficult to express quantitatively
Actual rate of particle shape factor
Application form of actual rate testing

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Fine aggregate grading limits


(ASTM C33/AASHTO M6)

Determination of Fineness
Modulus of Fine Aggregates

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FINE AGGREGATE GRADATION LIMITS

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The average value of Fineness


Modulus
Coarse aggregate about 6 7
Fine aggregate
3.0

about 2.5

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Grading Requirements for Coarse Aggregates (ASTM C33)

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COARSE AGGREGATE GRADATION LIMITS

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Standard Maximum
Size of Coarse
Aggregate

Structural Types

Maximum size of coarse aggregate (mm)

1/5 of minimum dimension


Should not exceed minimum of
Reinforced Concrete
spacing between reinforced
of cover concrete
General case

20 or 25

Large Cross section 40


Should not exceed of minimum dimension
Plain Concrete
40

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Density Mass per unit


volume
Absolute dry density oven dry
Surface dry density
Effect to concrete
To control concrete mass (weight)
Light aggregate in general low intensity
and endurance of inferior
Generally, aggregate density less than 3.0 (g/cm3
but opposite in sense lighter than cement particles
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Water Content of Aggregate


Moisture content Water
absorption Surface water
rate

Water Content of Aggregate


1) Absolutely dry condition absolute dry
Dried until constant mass at temperature 100 110 ; the
state of aggregate that contains no water at all.
2) Dry air air-dried state
Aggregate surface does not contain water that is trapped
when dried in the air, and there are water in the internal
pores but unsaturated.
saturated,
Oven dry Air-dry surface dry wet state

Effective water
Air-dried
Moisture content absorption

Water absorption
Water content

Surface Water

Surface
Water
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Water Content of Aggregate


3) Saturated surface dry surface dry state
Aggregate surface does not contain water which
trapped but all internal pores in saturated condition mix
design has been based on this condition.
4) Wet state
Saturated with water that is inside the aggregate, the state
adheres to the surface moisture content.

Oven dry Air-dry Surface dry


Wet state

Effective
Air-dried
water
moisture
absorption
content
Water absorption
Water content

Surface Water

Surface
Water
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Water Content Represents the Physical


Properties of Aggregate

Water absorption quantity of water absorption absolute dry mass 100

Moisture content water content absolute dry mass 100

Water absorption effective quantity of water absorption effective absolute


dry mass 100

Surface water rate quantity of surface water surface dry mass 100

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Aggregate Water Content


Effect to Concrete
In combination of real concrete, should
be adjusted the aggregate water content.
The concrete shrinkage increase when
use the aggregate which is easy to absorb water
The aggregate which is easy to absorb
water tends to become low strength.
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The handling in surface dry state become basic


for aggregate of concrete.
Why
There is no movement of water between the
aggregate and cement paste, and interface
(boundary layer) structure is improved.
However, it is difficult to create surface dry state
in the real field.
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RECYCLE AGGREGATE
JIS A 5021 2005
Recycle Aggregate Concrete Class H High
Quality
JIS A 5022 2007
Recycle Aggregate Concrete Class M Medium
Quality
JIS A 5023 2006
Recycle Aggregate Concrete Class L Low Quality
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Comparison of water absorption of three different recycle


aggregate particle sizes, natural and lightweight coarse aggregate.
(Kerkhoff and Siebel 2001)

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Harmful Materials in Aggregates

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Mass of unit volume Actual rate


Mass of unit volume
Indicated by mass per unit volume of dry aggregates was
filled into the container kg m
Actual rate
Displaying the rate for 100 minutes of volume fraction
divided by volume of container which filled aggregate in the
absolute dry condition
Both displays are almost similar properties, both are larger,
have a good aggregate or in the other hand easy to use.

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Determine actual rate of particle


shape factor

Actual rate for determining the quality of particle shape, difference


between actual rate normal testing methods and sampling testing
method.

Fine aggregate

Using a single form of 2.5mm 1.2mm sieve passing


Typical value : more than 53% passing

Coarse aggregate

Using sample which mixed 20 10mm 60 10


5mm 40 typical value : more than 55%
passing
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Relationship between actual


rate of particle shape factor
and slump
20
15
Slump (cm)

River gravel

10

0
55

Max size 20mm


W/C 52%
s/a 38%
W
187kg/m3
60

65

70

Determine actual rate of particle shape factor (%)


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Mass per unit volume and actual rate of the


general aggregate

Coarse
Gravel
aggregate
Crushed
stone
Fine
sand
aggregate

Mass per unit


volume kg/m3

Actual rate

1600 1700

60 65

About 1500

55 60

1600 1800

60 70

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The maximum size of coarse


aggregate
The maximum value that it is not a simple
value
Nominal dimensions that show of more than
90% pass in the smallest sieve.

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The maximum size of coarse


aggregate
The maximum size of
aggregate is nominal
dimension which is
shown at least 90% by
weight passing the
smallest size sieve.
In the right table
The maximum size of
aggregate is 30 mm

(mm)
( g ) ( % ) ( g ) ( % )
53
{50}
0
0
0
0
*37.5 {40}
160
1
160
1
31.5 {30}
810
5
650
4
26.5 {25}
3730
23
2920
18
*19
{20}
8250
51
4520
28
16
{15}
10530
65
2280
14
* 9.5 {10}
12310
76
1780
11
* 4.75 {5}
15060
93
2750
17
* 2.36 {2.5} 15870
98
810
5
* 1.18 {1.2} 16200
100
330
2
* 0.6
100
0
* 0.3
100
0
* 0.15
100
0
0.075
100
0


16200
100
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Impurities in Aggregates
humid acid tannin acid

Harmful to the cement hydration

Method of test for organic impurities in fine aggregate JIS A 1105


Properties of fresh concrete water
content workability bleeding condensation rate are influenced by
the mud and stone dust
Method of test for amount of fine material in aggregates JIS A 1103
Adversely affect the properties of hardened concrete strengthdurability-wear resistance-fire resistance
Method of test for organic impurities in fine aggregate JIS A 1105
Method of test for specific gravity of particles floating on liquid in aggregate JIS
A 5308 Annex 2
Test method for freestone amount of coarse aggregate by scratch hardness JIS
A 1126
Method of test for soundness of aggregates by use of sodium sulfate JIS A
1122
Contribute to rusting of steel (chloride)

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test method for chloride ion content of sand (titration) JSCE-C 502

Aggregate of by-product

Blast furnace slag Annealing furnace slag Blast furnace slag coarse
aggregate
Quenched blast furnace slag Blast furnace slag fine

aggregate

Furnace slag Electric arc furnace oxidizing slag coarse aggregate-fine


aggregate

Electric furnace slag reduction unusable

Nonferrous slag Ferro nickel slag Fine aggregate

Copper slag Fine aggregate

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A 5011 Slag
Aggregate

Part 1 Blast furnace slag aggregate


Part 2 Ferro nickel slag aggregate
Part 3 Copper slag aggregate
Part 4 Electric arc furnace oxidizing slag
aggregate

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