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TBM is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through
a variety of soil and rock strata.
They can bore through anything from hard rock to sand. Tunnel diameters can
range from a metre to 19.25 metres to date.
Tunnels of less than a metre or so in diameter are typically done using
trenchless construction methods or horizontal directional drilling rather than
TBMs.
DEWATERING
Dewatering used to describe removal or draining groundwater or surface water from a riverbed,
construction site, caisson, or mine shaft, by pumping or evaporation. On a construction site, this
dewatering may be implemented before subsurface excavation for foundations, shoring, or cellar
space to lower the water table. This frequently involves the use of submersible "dewatering" pumps,
centrifugal pumps, application of vacuum to well points.
The process of Dewatering can be defined as puming from wells or sumps to temporarily lower
groundwater level, to allow excavation to be made in dry & stable conditions below natural ground
level.
DEWATERING PUMPS
GROUNDWATER CONTROL
Groundwater control describes the range of engineering techniques used to allow engineering
excavations and mines to the constructed below groundwater level in workably dry, stable and safe
conditions.
There are two main types of groundwater control techniques:
Methods that use cut-off walls and other barriers to exclude water from the excavation (known as
exclusion techniques).
Methods that deal with groundwater by pumping (known as construction dewatering techniques).
There are a wide range of groundwater control methods and dewatering techniques available. The
selection of the best method will depend on the geology and hydrogeology of the location, the available
space and facilities and the environmental constraints at the site.
Cut-off walls are used to exclude groundwater from an excavation, to minimise the requirement for
dewatering pumping. Typically, the method involves installing a very low permeability physical cut-off
wall or barrier around the perimeter of the excavation to prevent groundwater from entering the working
area. Most commonly, the cut-off is vertical and ideally penetrates down to a very low permeability
stratum (such as a clay or unfractured bedrock) that forms a basal seal for the excavation.
The selection of a exclusion method used to form a cut-off barrier will depend on the conditions and
constraints on a given project. Primary constraints are desired depth of wall, ground conditions, geometry
of wall (some methods can be used horizontally or inclined to the vertical, while others are limited to
vertical applications), and whether the barrier is intended to be permanent or temporary.
DEWATERING BY EXCLUSION
DEWATERING BY PUMPING
Dewatering involves controlling groundwater by pumping, to locally lower groundwater levels in the
vicinity of the excavation.
The simplest form of dewatering is sump pumping, where groundwater is allowed to enter the excavation
where it is then collected in a sump and pumped away by robust solids handling pumps. Sump pumping
can be effective in many circumstances, but seepage into the excavation can create the risk of instability
and other construction problems.
To prevent significant groundwater seepage into the excavation and to ensure stability of excavation side
slopes and base it may be necessary to lower groundwater levels in advance of excavation. This is
known as pre-drainage.
Pre-drainage methods include:
Deep wells
Wellpoints
Eductors
Vacuum wells
Horizontal wells
EDUCTOR PUMP
SETUP
TRENCHING MACHINE
SYSTEM
HORIZONTAL DEWATERING
SYSTEM
In flood control, a relief well is used adjacent to earthenleveesto relieve the pressure on the lake
or river side of the levee and thus to prevent the collapse of the levee.The greater flow of water in
the water source, typically during a flood, creates a pressure gradient such that more water
infiltrates the soil of the levee.Water may then flow through the soil towards the dry side of the
levee, resulting insand boil,liquefactionof the soil, and ultimately destruction of the levee.
Relief wells act like valves to relieve the water pressure and allow excess water to be diverted
safely, for example, to a canal.
Pressure relief wells can prevent sand boils from occurring by relieving the water pressure as
described.
NAME NEDA SHAKIL
Before the ground is reduced and the water pumped out, the upward water pressure is less than the
downward weight of soil.
To prevent heave it is necessary to reduce the uplift pressure to below the weight of the overlying soil (in the
temporary works condition) or structure (in the permanent works condition).
This can be achieved by one of two methods:
actively pumping from below the confining layer(installation of active pumping wells)
by providing a pathway through the confining layer allowing water to bleed into the excavation when
artesian pressure rises
NAME NEDA SHAKIL