WCDMA Principles

Huawei Confidential. All Rights Reserved

Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 WCDMA Network Structure
Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies
Chapter 4 WCDMA RNC Area

Internal Use

Mobile Network Evolution

1G
Analogue

2G
Digital

2.5G
Packet Data

TACS

GPRS
TDMA

WCDMA

EDGE

GSM
NMT

2.75G
Enhanced Data

384K

115K

TD-SCDMA
2M

PDC

AMPS
CDMA

cdma2000
1X EV-DO

CDMA 1X

2.4M

144K
1982-1996+

2M, 14M

1992-2002+

2001+

2004+

2002-2004+
Internal Use

Standardization Course of ITU IMT-2000

IMT2000
3GPP

ITU-DS

ITU-SC

3GPP2

ITU-MC

WCDMA UWC-136 CDMA2000

CWTS

ETSI

ITU-TC

ITU-FT

UMTS
TDD

DECT

1985: ITU-T form FPLMTS.

Later renamed as IMT-2000 in
1996

1992: 230MHz spectrum was

allocated in WARC92

Standardization organizations
such
as
3GPP(1998.12),
3GPP2(1999)
were
established

2000:
All
the
network
standards of IMT2000 were
completed

Family
concept

adopted in network part

Internal Use

was

Main CDMA 3G Proposals

U.S.

Korea

Regional
Standard
Organization(RSO)

Radio
Transmission
Technology(RTT)

TIA(TR 45.5)

cdma2000

T1

WCDMA

TTA

TTA1(~WCDMA)
TTA2(~cdma2000)

Japan

ARIB

WCDMA

Europe

ETSI(SMG 2)

WCDMA

China

CWTS

TD-SCDMA

Internal Use

Target of IMT2000

Global uniform frequency band and standard, global seamless

coverage

High efficient spectrum utility

High quality of service, high security

Easy for evolution from 2G system

Providing multimedia service

Car speed environment: 144kbps
Walk speed environment: 384kbps
Indoor environment: 2048kbps

Internal Use

QoS Requirements of Different Services

Sensitivity
of error
conversational

streaming

interactive

background

Sensitivity
of delay
Internal Use

WCDMA FDD

WCDMA FDD
Multiple access method

DS-CDMA

Duplex Method

Frequency Division

Frequency Band

Uplink : 1920-1980MHz, Downlink : 21102170MHz

Carrier

5MHz, with 190MHz frequency spacing

Base Station Synchronization

Asynchronous/Synchronous operation

Chip Rate

3.84Mcps

Frame Length

10ms

Service multiplexing

Multiple Services with different

multiplexed on a single connection

Multi-user detection, smart antennas

Supported
by
implementation

Power Control

Fast Power Control, 1.5KHz

Handover

Softer, Soft & Hard Handover

Transmit Diversity

Open & Closed Loop

Voice Coding

AMR Voice Coding, rate 4.75kbps 12.2kbps

standard,

QoS

are

optional

in

Internal Use

WCDMA Voice Evolution

Adopt AMR voice coding, and support voice quality of

4.75Kbps ~ 12.2Kbps

Adopt soft handover and transmit diversity to improve system

capacity

Provide high fidelity voice mode

Fast power control

Internal Use

Data Service Evolution of WCDMA

Support maximum 2Mbps data service

Support packet switch

Adopt ATM platform currently

Provide QoS

Common
Packet
Channel(CPCH)
and
Downlink
Channel(DSCH) can support Internet packet services better

Provide high-quality support for uplink-downlink symmetric data

service, such as voice, video phone, conference TV

Share

Internal Use

Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 WCDMA Network Structure
Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies
Chapter 4 WCDMA RNC Area

Internal Use

WCDMA Network Structure

CS domain
MSC/VLR

GSM /GPRS BSS

BSC

PSTN/other PLMN

GMSC

A
HLR/AUC

BTS
PCU

SCE

Gb

SS7
SMS

RNC
NodeB

UTRAN

SCP

Iu-CS
Iu-PS

Internet,
Intranet

PS backbone

SGSN

CG

PS domain

GGSN
BG
Other PLMN

Internal Use

WCDMA Interfaces

MSC

MSC

SGSN

Iu-CS

A Interface

Iu-PS

Gb

BSC
BSS

SGSN

A-bis

RNC
UTRAN

Um

GSM

NodeB

NodeB
Uu

Uu

UE

RNC
Iub

Iub

BTS

Iur

UE

UE

WCDMA

Internal Use

Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 WCDMA Network Structure
Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies
Chapter 4 WCDMA RNC Area

Internal Use

Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies

Section 1
- Correlation Function
-

OVSF and PN code

Information Spreading & Recovery
Rake Receiver

Section 2
- WCDMA Transmission Block Diagram
Section 3
- Power Control
- Handover
- Diversity

Internal Use

Correlation Function
Correlation is a measure of similarity of between any two arbitrary
signals.
EXAMPLE:

+1
0
-1
+1
0
-1

+1
0
-1
+1
0
-1

-1 1 -1 1
-1 1 -1 1
1 1 1 1
1 correlation
Identical signals

-1 1 -1 1
11 11
-1 1 -1 1
Zero correlation
Orthogonal signals
Internal Use

Orthogonal Function

Orthogonal functions have zero correlation. Two binary sequences are

orthogonal if their XOR output contains equal number of 1s and 0s

EXAMPLE:

0000

1010

0101

0101

0101

1111
Internal Use

OVSF & Walsh Code

Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1

SF = 2

SF = 4

Internal Use

SF and Service Rate

Symbol Rate*SF=Chip Rate

In WCDMA system, if
rate=960Kbps;

chip

rate=3.84MHz,

SF=4,

then

symbol

Symbol Rate=(Service Rate + Checking Code)*Channel Coding Rate*

Repeat or Puncture Rate
In WCDMA system, if service rate=384Kbps, channel coding=1/3 Turbo
coding, then symbol rate=960Kbps;

Internal Use

Scrambling Code

Scrambling codes
GOLD sequence.
Uplink scrambling codes
Uplink scrambling codes are used to distinguish different UEs
Downlink scrambling codes
For downlink physical channels, a total of 2 18-1 = 262,143 scrambling
codes can be generated.
Only scrambling codes k = 0, 1, , 8191 are used.
8192 codes are divided into 512 groups, each of which contains 16
scrambling codes.
The first scrambling code of each group is called primary scrambling
code (PSC), and the other 15 ones are secondary scrambling codes
(SSC).

Internal Use

OVSF and Scrambling Code Usage

OVSF Code

PN Code

Usage

Uplink : Separate physical Uplink : Separation of UEs

data (DPDCH) & control
channels (DPCCH) from the
same terminal
Downlink
:
Separate
downlink connections to Downlink : Separation of
different UEs within the cell cells

Length

Uplink : 4 256 chips

Downlink : 4 512 chips

Number of codes

Number of codes under one Uplink : Several Million

scrambling
factor
= Downlink : 512
spreading factor

Code Family

Orthogonal
Variable Gold code
Spreading Factor (OVSF)

Bandwidth

Spreading
increase No change in transmission
transmission bandwidth
bandwidth

Uplink/Downlink :
10ms = 38400 chips

Internal Use

Information spreading over orthogonal codes

+1
-1
User Input
Orthogonal
Sequence
Tx Data

0110

0110

0110

0110

0110

1001

0110

0110

1001

1001

+1
-1

Internal Use

Information recovery

Rx Data

1001
Correct Function 0110
1111
+1

0110
0110
0000

0110
0110
0000

1001
0110
1111
1

1001
0110
1111
1

-1

Rx Data
Incorrect Function

1001
0101
1100

0110
0101
0011

0110
0101
0011

1001
0101
1100
?

1001
0101
1100
?

Internal Use

Spreading and De-spreading

The improvement of time-domain information rate means that the bandwidth of spectrum-domain
information is spread.
Sf

Sf
information

information
f0
f
The spectrum before spreading

f0
f
The spectrum after spreading
Sf

Sf

information

Interference/noise

Interference/noise

information
f0
f
The spectrum before despreading
information

f0

The spectrum after despreading

pulse interference

White noise

S(f) is the energy density.

Internal Use

Principle of RAKE Receiver

Correlator 1
Correlator 2

Combiner

Receive set

The combined
signal

Correlator 3
Calculate the
time delay and
signal strength

Searcher correlator

s(t)

s(t)

RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance

the receive performance of the system

Internal Use

Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies

Section 1
- Correlation Function
-

OVSF and PN code

Information Spreading & Recovery
Rake Receiver

Section 2
- WCDMA Transmission Block Diagram
Section 3
- Power Control
- Handover
- Diversity

Internal Use

Block Diagram of WCDMA System

Source
coding

Channel
coding

Spreading

Modulation

Radio channel

Source
decoding

Channel
decoding

Despreading

Demodulation

Internal Use

Common Technical Terms

Bit, Symbol, Chip:

A bit is the input data which contain information
A symbol is the output of the convolution, encoder, and the
block interleaving
A chip is the output of spreading

Processing Gain:
Processing gain is the ratio of chip rate to the bit rate.
Closely related to spreading factor, SF.

Forward direction/ Downlink : Information path from base station to

mobile station
Reverse direction/ Uplink : Information path from mobile station to
base station

Internal Use

WCDMA System

Source Coding
Voice :

Adaptive multirate technique with rate 4.75kbps 12.2kbps

Channel Coding
CRC Attachment.
Check for error during transmission.
Voice : CRC check returns error, discard information
Data : CRC check returns error; ask for retransmission

Convolutional or Turbo Coding

Convolution coding for voice and low speed signaling
Turbo Coding for large data transmission. Better performance than convolutional
coding

Interleaving
Distribute error over data transmitted

Rate Matching
Match symbol rate to that accepted by spreading
Rate matching technique : Repeat or puncturing
Internal Use

WCDMA System

Spreading
Spreading (OVSF code)
SF 4 512, depends on data rate

Scrambling (Gold Code)

Modulation
QPSK

Internal Use

Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies

Section 1
- Correlation Function
-

OVSF and PN code

Information Spreading & Recovery
Rake Receiver

Section 2
- WCDMA Transmission Block Diagram
Section 3
- Power Control
- Handover
- Diversity

Internal Use

Power Control

Open Loop Power Control

Set initial power for transmission of PRACH

Closed Loop Power Control

Inner Loop Power Control

Uplink
: Controls power of NodeB.
Downlink : Ensures all power received at NodeB are just enough to
maintain satisfactory connection
Fast Power Control : 1.5khz

Outer Loop Power Control

Set SIRthreshold based on BER/BLER

Internal Use

Open Loop Power Control

Used in setting initial transmission power of UE.
Not in use when inner loop power control running.
UE obtain information on uplink interference level, NodeB transmit
power (CPICH power) and constant from system information which is
broadcast by cell.

Initial Power = CPICH downlink transmit power CPICH_RSCP + UL

interference + Constant

PRACH Tx power

System information :
CPICH Transmit power, UL interference & constant

Internal Use

Closed Loop Power Control

Power Control Bit

RNC
BER/BLER Value

(Eb/Nt)measured
NodeB

Change in (Eb/Nt)threshold

Inner Loop Power Control

Outer Loop Power Control

Internal Use

Handover
Softer handover
Handover between intra-frequency cells under the control of the same BTS
- Radio link connection to new target cell is created before existing connection
being deleted.
-

Soft handover
-

Handover between intra-frequency cells under the control of the different BTSs

Hard handover
-

Condition of hard handover:

Intra-frequency handover, cells controlled by different RNCs and no Iur interface
between them
Inter-frequency handover
Inter-system handover

Interruption in voice or data communication occurs but this interruption

does not effect the user communication
Internal Use

Soft/Softer Handover

Selection combination in the RNC during soft handoff

Maximum ratio combination in the NodeB during softer handoffs

Power received from

a single sector

Combine all the

power from each
sector

Internal Use

Transmission Diversity : STTD

B0 B1 B2 B3

B0 B1 B2 B3

Pa
th

Restoring data stream

Antenna 1

Transmission
diversity
processing

B0 B1 B2 B3

2
Path
B2 B3 B0 B1

Antenna 2

Space Time transmit Diversity (STTD)

Internal Use

Transmission Diversity : TSTD

Data stream 1
Data stream
Transmission
diversity
processing

Pa
th

Restoring data stream

Antenna 1

2
Path

Data stream 2
Antenna 2

Time Switch transmit Diversity (TSTD)

Used in synchronization physical channel ( SCH)

Internal Use

Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 WCDMA Network Structure
Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies
Chapter 4 WCDMA RNC Area

Internal Use

WCDMA RNC Area

Service Area:
- An area where a mobile station can obtain services, namely, the area
where the users in different communication networks (PLMN, PSTN or ISDN)
can communicate with a mobile station without knowing its actual location
PLMN Area
- geographic area where a PLMN provides communication services
LAC : Location Area Code
- Area where a mobile station can move without any location update in MSC
- Define MSC paging area
RAC : Routing Area Code
- Area where a mobile station can move without any location update in SGSN
- Define SGSN paging area
URA : UTRAN registration Area
- Performed when UE in URA-PCH mode.
- UE only perform location update when cells URA ID changes
Cell : Defines a coverage area
Internal Use

Internal Use