08 Principles of Handover in WCDMA

Internal
WCDMA Handover
Principle
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
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Why mobile systems need handover?
Mobile systems are composed by cells

which the coverage is limited.
The mobility of the UE.
Providing the continuous service - the
basic element in QoS.
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TS25.331 Flow of Handover and
Related Parameters
TS25.133 Measurement Process
TS25.215 Definitions of Measurement
Indexes
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After studying this course, you will:
Understand basic concepts about

handover
Understand the flow of soft handover
Master basic parameters about soft

handover
Master soft handover decision algorithms
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Chapter 1 Overview of Handover

Chapter 2 Handover Measurement
Chapter 3 Soft Handover
Chapter 4 Hard Handover
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Chapter 1
Overview of Handover
1.1
Purposes of Handover
1.2
Modes and Status of the UE
1.3
Methods and Types of

Handover
1.4
Comparison between Soft

Handover and Hard Handover
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Providing the continuous service in mobile system is the basic
element in QoS
Providing continuous communication service is the main purpose

of handover.
The load balance: sharing the resource

The hierarchy divided by speed and service: high efficiency of
using resource
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Chapter 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Methods and Types of

Handover
1.4

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UE Modes and Status
URA_PCH
DEAD
IDLE
RRC connection
CELL_DCH
CELL_PCH
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CELL_FACH
Page
UE Modes and Status (Status migration)

- Reducing activities, DRX, saving power and resource
RRC connection
URA_PCH
CELL_PCH
URA Update
After several Cell

Updates
Cell Update
CELL_DCH
CELL_FACH
Low speed PS
- Dedicated channel
VP/Voice/PS
These statuses are only applied

in the UTRAN and UE. They are
transparent to the CN.
- Common channel,
low speed service
- Triggered by theCN
SMS
IDLE
- Monitering the paging channel

- Cell reselecting
- Searching a PLMN
- Find a cell to camps on
DEAD
No traffic
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Chapter 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Methods and Types of Handover
1.4

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Handover Methods
Changing cells in the status of CELL_DCH
Handover
Direct retry
Changing residing cells in the statuses of IDLE, CELL_FACH,
CELL_PCH, and URA_PCH
Cell reselection (forward handover)
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Handover Types in CELL_DCH

Classify by
Classify by
System Change Signaling Flow
Classify by
Frequency
Change
Low-rate services (such as

AMR
Soft handover
Intra-frequency
Intra- system
Hard handover
Inter-system
(Inter-RAT)
Description
Inter-frequency
High-rate services (such as

PS384K)
Without the Iur interface
For the purpose of coverage or
load balancing (e.g. handover
between carriers with different
load, handover to the carrier that
supports the HSDPA service.
WCDMA-to-GSM handover)
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Chapter 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Methods and Types of Handover
1.4

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Features Comparison between Soft Handover

and Hard Handover
Item
Soft Handover (Softer Handover)
Hard Handover
Number of radio links in

the activate set
Several
One
Interruption during
handover
No
Yes
Intra-frequency
Intra-frequency
Inter-frequency or
Inter-RAT
Frequencies in the cells

before and after
handover
Handover gain
Maximum-ratio combining or selective

combining which can reduce the impact of
fading and transmission power of the UE.
Disadvantage
Occupies more resources.

Problems occur when the power of soft
handover cells is unbalanced.
None
Call drop ratio is

relatively higher
In a word, some resources are wasted to obtain optimal system performance in soft handover.
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Soft Handover (Connection before Disconnection)
NodeB1
NodeB2
RNC
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Softer Handover (A Special Case of Soft Handover)

RNC
Node B
Cell A
Cell B
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Hard Handover- (Disconnection before Connection)
NodeB1
NodeB2
RNC
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Questions
What are the differences between
soft handover, softer handover, and

hard handover?
Why intra-frequency handover is not
always soft handover?

How does handover gain arise? How
much are various handover gains?
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Summary
This chapter describes the purposes of
handover, working modes of the UE and

common handover types in the WCDMA
system, compares soft handover and hard
handover and describes respective
advantages and disadvantages.
In addition, this chapter describes a brief
flow of each type of handover.
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Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Handover
Measurement
Chapter 3
Soft Handover
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Chapter 2
Handover Measurement
2.1
Basic Concepts about

Handover
2.2
Three Steps of Handover
2.3
Measurement Control
2.4
Measurement Report
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Basic Concepts about Handover

Active set
Radio link (RL)
monitor set
Radio link set (RLS)
Detection set
Maximum-ratio combining
Event report
Selective combining
Event to periodic report
Periodic report
Soft handover gain

Pilot channel (CPICH)
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Chapter 2
2.1
2.2
2.3
Measurement Control
2.4
Measurement Report
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The following figure shows handover
procedure (measurement quality set
to PCPICH Ec/No)
UE
UEmeasures
measuresthe
theCPICH
CPICH
Ec/No
of
its
serving
Ec/No of its servingcell(s)
cell(s)and
and
neighbor
cells.
And
sends
the
neighbor cells. And sends the
measurement
measurementreport
report totoRNC.
RNC.
Measurement
Decision
Measure
N
Are
Arehandover
handovercriteria
criteriameet?
meet?
Decision
Execution
Perform
Performaahandover
handover
and
update
and updaterelative
relative
parameters
parameters
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Execution
Chapter 2
2.1
2.2
2.3
Measurement Control
2.4
Measurement Report
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Measurement Control
Measurement control is used to notify the UE of the object to be
measured, neighbor cell list, report method, and event parameters.

When measurement conditions are changed, the RNC notifies the
UE of new conditions.
UE
UTRAN
Measurement Control
Measurement Control, normal case
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Measurement Control
Measurement Control
The RNC sends a

measurement control message
according to the best cell in the
active set.
Measurement identity
Measurement command
Measurement type
Measurement object
Criteria of measurement report
Measurement report mode
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Measurement Objects
Measurement objects
Intra-frequency measurement
CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/Io, or Pathloss (normally Ec/Io)
Inter-frequency measurement
CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/Io
Inter-RAT measurement
GSM Carrier RSSI, BSIC Identification, and BSIC Reconfirmation
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Measurement Model
parameters
Layer 1
filtering
Layer 3
filtering
parameters
C
C'
Evaluation
of reporting
criteria
Measurement time of layer 1 is 200 ms. The vendor

can decide the filtering method.
Filtering parameters of layer 3 can be configured.
Measurement results are reported when the reporting

criteria are met.
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Measurement Model - Layer 3 Filtering

Filtering of measurement results by the UE is calculated according to
the following formula:
Fn (1-)Fn-1+Mn
Fn: new measurement result after filtering
Fn-1: the last measurement result after filtering
Mn: the latest measurement result from the physical layer of the UE
0.5k/2, K is the parameter in filter coefficient in the measurement

control message (default=3 ). If it is set to 0 , layer 3 filtering is
unavailable.
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Chapter 2
2.1
Basic Concepts about

Handover
2.2
Three Steps in Handover
2.3
Measurement Control
2.4
Measurement Report
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Measurement Report
When the measurement reporting criteria are met, the UE
reports the results to the RNC as an event.
UE
UTRAN
Measurement Report
Measurement Report
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Measurement Report Methods

Event report
The measurement report is sent when the reporting criteria are met.
Periodic report (event to periodic report)
If the RNC does not respond after several events are reported, the
UE switches to periodic report.
The interval between report and total report times are controlled
through parameters.
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Intra-frequency Measurement Events

Intra-frequency measurement events are identified
through 1X. They include:
1A: A primary pilot channel enters the reporting range. Means a monitored
cell is good enough that the UE can add it into active set.
1B A primary pilot channel leaves the reporting range. Means a cell in the
active set is not good enough according to the best cell.
1C: Substitution event. A primary pilot channel in an monitor set is better than
that in the active set.
1D: Event of changing the best serving cell.
1F: Event that measurement results of the cells in the active set are lower
than the absolute threshold.
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Inter-frequency Measurement Events

Inter-frequency measurement events are identified by 2X.
2B event: The quality of the serving cell is lower than an absolute
threshold value and the quality of another inter-frequency neighbor cell is

higher than another threshold value.
2C event: The quality of the inter-frequency neighbor cell is higher than
an absolute threshold value.

2D event: The quality of the serving cell is lower than a certain absolute
threshold value. It is used to start the compress mode.

2F event: The quality of the serving cell is higher than a certain absolute
threshold value. It is used to stop the compress mode.
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Inter-RAT Measurement Events

Inter-RAT Measurement events are identified through 3X.
3A event: The quality of the currently used frequency is lower than an
absolute threshold value, but the quality in a GSM cell is higher than
another absolute threshold value.
3C event: The quality in a GSM cell is higher than an absolute threshold
value.
2D event: The quality of the currently used frequency is lower than a
certain absolute threshold value. It is used to start the compressed mode.

2F event: The quality of the currently used frequency is higher than a
certain absolute threshold value. It is used to stop the compressed mode.
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Some Event Report Control Parameters

Relative threshold (reporting range)
Unidirectional difference between two measurement results, for example,

relative threshold value between 1A event and 1B event
Absolute threshold (threshold)
Measurement results reach an absolute value, for example, absolute

threshold values of 1E event and 1F event
Hysteresis
Bi-directional difference between two measurement results
Time to trigger
Time that lasts until the previous threshold value is met
Weight factor (W)
Control calculation of comparative benchmark values
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Event Report Decision

Deciding according to the judgment inequation
Example: decision inequation of 1A event

1. Path loss
NA
10 LogM New W 10 Log
i 1
(1 W ) 10 LogM Best ( R H 1a / 2),
2. Other measurement variables (e.g. RSCP, Ec/Io)
10 LogM New W 10 Log
M: measurement results
NA
M
i 1
(1 W ) 10 LogM Best ( R H 1a / 2),
R: relative threshold values

H: hysteresis
W: weight factor. It is zero generally.
If W = 0, for RSCP and Ec/Io,

10LogM(New)10LogM(Best) - (R1a-H1a/2)
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- Example of 1A Event Measurement Report
Measurement results in the primary cell
1A event occurs
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Event Report Decision (Continued)

Trigger criteria of 1B event:
10 LogM new
NA
W 10 Log
M
i 1
(1 W ) 10 LogM Best ( R1b H1b / 2)
Trigger criteria of 1C event:
M New M InAS H1c / 2,

Trigger criteria of 1D event:
M NotBest M Best H1d / 2,

Trigger criteria of 1F event:
M New T1 f H1 f / 2,
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- Example of 1B Event Measurement Report
1B event is reported
Delete the cell in which the interference code is 23
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Event Report
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Event Report
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Event Report
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Questions
In which cases does the RNC trigger
measurement control?
Is the start time of intra-frequency, inter-
frequency, and Inter-RAT measurement

the same?
When is an event reported?
How to report an event?
What events does intra-frequency
measurement contain?
What events does inter-frequency
measurement contain?
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Summary
This chapter describes concepts related to
handover, explains measurement control, which

covers measurement objects, event report.
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Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Soft Handover
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Chapter 3
Soft Handover
3.1
Flow of Soft Handover
3.2
Common Parameters and Intra

Frequency Neighbor Cell
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Flow of Soft Handover - Adding Radio Link
(Reporting 1A event)
(Add new radio link)
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Flow of Soft Handover - Adding Radio Link
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Flow of Soft Handover - Deleting Radio Link
(Reporting 1B event)
(Del old radio link)
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Chapter 3
3.1
3.2
Common Parameters and Intra

Frequency Neighbor Cell
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Setting Common Parameters of Soft Handover

Relative threshold
1A and 1B event have their individual values.
The value of 1B should be larger than that of 1A, to avoid ping-pong

handover. (1A < 1B)
Default setting: 1A: 3 dB; 1B: 6 dB
Hysteresis
Configure it for each event separately.
Usually the threshold values of 1A event and 1B event are 0 dB and those
of 1C, 1D, 1F are 4 dB.
This value affects the soft handover area of the UE.
MML command for adding cell-class intra-frequency handover

parameters: ADD CELLINTRAFREQHO
MML Command for setting RNC-class intra-frequency handover
parameters: SET INTRAFREQHO
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Common Parameters of Soft Handover (Continued)

Time to trigger
Configured it for each event separately.
The value of 1B should be larger than that of 1A, to avoid ping-pong

handover. (1A < 1B)
Default setting: 1A: 320 ms; 1B: 640 ms; 1C, 1D: 640 ms
Lay 3 filtering coefficient
It is shared by all types of intra-frequency measurement.
This parameter is sensitive to the delay of event triggering and pingpong handover.
It is usually set to 3.
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Intra Frequency Neighbor Cell
The Handover can only happened among the neighbor cells

MML: Add IntraFreqNCell:
Configure neighbor cells with the same frequency
The maxim number of IntraFreqNCell for each cell is 31
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Questions
Draw the signaling flow chart of soft
handover.
What is the impact of parameters in
soft handover on system performance?

What parameters can affect
performance of soft handover besides

the parameters described in this
chapter?
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Summary
This chapter describes the signaling
flow and common parameters of soft

handover in WCDMA.
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Other Handovers
The WCDMA system supports many handover technologies.
Besides soft (softer) handover described previously, there are

intra-frequency hard handover, inter-frequency hard handover,
and Inter-RAT handover.
If the system supports HSDPA, the WCDMA system also
supports handover between carrier frequency of HSDPA and

ordinary carrier frequency to balance load and to utilize network
resources efficiently.
Refer to supplementary contents for description of intra-
frequency hard handover, inter-frequency hard handover, and

Inter-RAT handover. This part is provided for self-study.
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Course Summary
Course
Summary
This course describers the principles,
algorithm, related parameters and

general flow of soft handover in the
WCDMA system.
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Thank you
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Chapter 4
Hard Handover
4.1
Intra-frequency Hard Handover
4.2
Inter-frequency Hard Handover
4.3
Inter-RAT Hard Handover
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- Measurement and Event
Measurement
It is similar to that in soft handover
Related events
1D event
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- Handover Flow
TARGET NODEB
SOARCE NODEB
3. ALCAP ESTABLISHMENT
9. ALCAP RELEASE
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- Common Parameters
BeBitrateThd: BE service handover rate decision threshold.
If the maximum rate of transmission channel of the BE service is not more

than this threshold, the system performs soft handover for the users using
this service.
If the maximum rate of transmission channel of the BE service is greater

than this threshold, the system performs intra-frequency hard handover for
the users using this service.
MML: SET HOCOMM

Parameters related to the 1D event
Time to trigger (640ms), hysteresis (4dB)
The parameters should be appropriate so the system can not only track
changes of the signal to perform handover, but also avoid ping-pong
handover.
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Chapter 4
Hard Handover
4.1
4.2
4.3
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Inter-frequency Hard Handover Overview

Features
The frequency is different after handover.
For the UE with only one transceiver, the compressed mode should be
started to assist measurement.
Advantages
The handover success rate is higher than that of intra-frequency hard

handover.
The load on carrier frequencies are balanced.
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Inter-frequency Hard Handover Overview

(Continued)
Disadvantages
The compressed mode causes extra radio resource
Application scenarios
Uncontinuous coverage of carrier
Load caused handover
Hierarchical cell
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Measurement in inter-frequency hard handover
Measurement variables:
CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/N0
Different measurement types are used for different handover purposes:
Edge of carrier coverage area: CPICH RSCP
Center of carrier coverage area: CPICH Ec/No
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- Measurement and Event (Continued)
Measurement Report Methods
Event report
2D event: The quality of current frequency is lower than a certain absolute
threshold value. It is used to start the compressed mode.
2F event: The quality of current frequency is higher than a certain absolute
threshold value. It is used to stop the compressed mode.
2B event: The quality of current frequency is lower than the absolute
threshold value, and the quality of the neighbor frequency is higher than
another absolute threshold value. It is used in coverage handover trigger.
2C event: The quality of the neighbor frequency is higher than a certain
absolute threshold value. It is used in load handover trigger.
Periodic report
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- Starting and Stopping of the Compression Mode
Starting conditions of measurement
2D event: If the quality of the currently frequency is lower than a certain

absolute threshold value, the compressed mode is started.
Use the velocity estimation algorithm to decide starting of inter-frequency

handover measurement.
Stopping conditions of measurement
2F event
After the best cell is changed, the new best cell does not have any interfrequency neighbor cell.
The timer of inter-frequency measurement expires.
The speed estimate status of the UE changes, and related inter-frequency

handover measurement is disabled according to the hierarchical cell algorithm
In hard handover, if the coverage reason is triggered, handover is stopped

simultaneously.
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Inter-frequency Hard Handover Flow

Signaling flow
TARGET NODEB
SOARCE NODEB
3. ALCAP ESTABLISHMENT
9. ALCAP RELEASE
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- Common Parameters
Inter-frequency coverage handover parameters:
Methods for report inter-frequency measurement: periodic or event
Inter-frequency measurement variables: CPICH Ec/No or CPICH RSCP.
Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filtering coefficient, time to trigger,

and hysteresis
Starting and stopping threshold values of inter-frequency measurement:

Configure it respectively for CPICH Ec/No, CPICH RSCP, and configure
2D, 2F event for CS and PS.
Inter-frequency coverage handover threshold value: quality threshold value

of the target cell
Quality threshold value of used frequency in inter-frequency hard handover
Lowest access threshold value in inter-frequency handover
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Inter-frequency Hard Handover - Questions
Why the compressed mode threshold for the CS and PS are

configured different?
If the UE uses the CS service and PS service at the same time,

the 2D and 2F parameters of which service are used to decide
starting the compressed mode?
The Eb/No required by these two services are different, so the

RSCPs are also different.
If the parameters of any service meet the threshold, the compressed

mode is started.
Is the compressed mode started immediately after the UE sends

the 2D parameter?
The compressed mode is started after the RNC reconfigure the RB.
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Chapter 4
Hard Handover
4.1
4.2
4.3
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Overview
Measurement and Event
Handover Decision Algorithm
Handover Flow
Common Parameters
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Inter-RAT Hard Handover - Overview

Category
WCDMA FDD < >GSM
WCDMA FDD < >WCDMA TDD
WCDMA FDD < >CDMA2000
Features
The radio access technology (RAT) adopted in the system after handover
is different.
Need compressed mode to assist measurement.
Advantages
Coverage: Solve the problem of transition between different systems.
Capacity: Improve the utilization of old equipments to the greatest extent

(2G->3G)
Disadvantages
The flow is complicated, and the requirement for compatibility of

equipment is high.
The UE is complicated.
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Measurement in Inter-RAT hard handover (GSM measurement)
Measurement types:
GSM Carrier RSSI
BSIC Identification
BSIC Reconfirmation
Measurement processing: layer-1 filtering, layer-3 filtering
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- Measurement and Event (Continued)
Measurement Report
Event report
2D event: starting GSM measurement
2F event: stopping GSM measurement
3A event: The quality of WCDMA is lower than an absolute threshold but

quality of a GSM neighbor cell is higher than another absolute threshold.
3C event: The quality of a GSM neighbor cell is higher than an absolute

threshold.
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Inter-RAT Hard Handover - Decision Algorithm

Decision of Inter-RAT handover
Inter-RAT handover based on coverage

Event
3A event: The quality of the currently used frequency is lower than

an absolute threshold value, but quality of a GSM cell is higher
than another absolute threshold value.
Periodic
Evaluation: Confirm the status according to the GSM RSSI

measurement value and the BSIC of the target cell in GSM and
evaluate the cell of which the GSM RSSI exceeds the absolute
threshold value. If both conditions are met, consider the cell of
which the BSIC is confirmed.
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- Decision Algorithm (Continued)
Inter-RAT handover based on non-coverage
Event
The 3C event means that the quality of the GSM cell is

higher than an absolute threshold value.
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Inter-RAT Handover Flow
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Inter-RAT Handover - Common Parameters

Inter-RAT coverage handover parameters
Starting and stopping thresholds of Inter-RAT measurement: They

determine the thresholds of the 2D event and 2F event. Configure CPICH
Ec/No, CPICH RSCP for the CS service and PS service respectively.
Measurement variables for the 2D event and 2F event in Inter-RAT

handover: Select CPICH Ec/No or PICH RSCP.
BSIC selection confirmation switch
Inter-RAT coverage handover threshold: GSM RSSI threshold in Inter-RAT

coverage handover. Configure it for the CS service and PS service
respectively.
Quality threshold of used frequency in Inter-RAT handover
Configure time to trigger and hysteresis for each event respectively
Penalty duration
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Summary - Categories of Handover

According to the signaling characters
Soft handover (softer handover)

Hard handover
According to the properties of source cell and target cell:
Intra-frequency handover
Inter-frequency handover
Inter-RAT handover (UMTS GSM/GPRS)
According to the purpose of handover:
Based on Coverage
Based on Noncoverage
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08 Principles of Handover in WCDMA

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Internal

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Why mobile systems need handover?

Mobile systems are composed by cells

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

TS25.331 Flow of Handover and

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

After studying this course, you will:

Understand basic concepts about

Understand the flow of soft handover

Master basic parameters about soft

Master soft handover decision algorithms

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Chapter 1 Overview of Handover

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Modes and Status of the UE

Methods and Types of

Comparison between Soft

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Providing continuous communication service is the main purpose

The load balance: sharing the resource

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Modes and Status of the UE

Methods and Types of

Comparison between Soft

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UE Modes and Status

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UE Modes and Status (Status migration)

After several Cell

These statuses are only applied

- Monitering the paging channel

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Modes and Status of the UE

Methods and Types of Handover

Comparison between Soft

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Changing residing cells in the statuses of IDLE, CELL_FACH,

CELL_PCH, and URA_PCH

Cell reselection (forward handover)

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Handover Types in CELL_DCH

Low-rate services (such as

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High-rate services (such as

Modes and Status of the UE

Methods and Types of Handover

Comparison between Soft

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Features Comparison between Soft Handover

Soft Handover (Softer Handover)

Number of radio links in

Frequencies in the cells

Maximum-ratio combining or selective

Occupies more resources.

Call drop ratio is

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Soft Handover (Connection before Disconnection)

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Softer Handover (A Special Case of Soft Handover)

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Hard Handover- (Disconnection before Connection)

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What are the differences between