Lecture 5 - Gravity Load Design

Villanova University
Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4606 - Capstone II

Structural Engineering

Lecture 5 Gravity Load
Design (Part 1)

Outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Review of Progress Report #1 Presentations

IBC Concrete Design Requirements
Beam & One Way Slab Design
Slab Thickness Considerations
Load Path and Framing Possibilities
Connection & Analysis Issues
Seismic Detailing Requirements
Work Tasks
2

Progress Report #1 Comments

Overall, a very good job
Comments on presentations:
Timing good
Dont worry about the intro stuff next
time
Know where our site is located you
have coordinates that are accurate to
within 3 miles!!!
3

Progress Report #1 Comments

Range of values:
100 to 150 mph design wind speed
Seismic Design Category D
(unanimous)
2000 to 2800 psi concrete strength
49000 to 53400 psi steel yield
strength
4


IBC Chapter 19
Mimics ACI 318 Code
IBC 2000 version based on 1999 ACI 318
IBC 2003 will use 2002 version of ACI
318
First seven sections (1901 1907)

correspond to ACI 318 Chapters 1 to
7
5


Section 1908 gives specific
modifications to ACI 318
Deals with meat of ACI Code
Sections 1909 1916 deal with

specialized areas
Sec. 1910 Seismic Design
Requirements
Sec. 1912 Anchorage to Concrete
Get to know this document!!!

6

Load Path / Framing Issues

Building Frame System
Frame for gravity load
Shear walls for lateral load
Consider support of the

chapel gravity loads:
Where do the columns go?
What beams do I need?
How do I design my slab?


Review
We presumably know how to do
the following from CEE 3422:
Design a rectangular beam of
unknown cross-section size
Design a rectangular beam of known
cross-section size
Design a simply supported one way
slab
8


Review
We presumably know how to do
the following from CEE 3422:
Design a T-beam for positive moment
Design a T-beam for negative moment
Design a doubly reinforced beam
(beam with compression
reinforcement)
Design a beam for shear
9

Design of Continuous Beams and

Slabs
Gap
You know how to
design crosssections for positive
or negative moment
Reinforcement
follows the moment
diagram
Why continuous
spans?
Moments
Deflections
Two Simple Spans
Continuous over Center Support
10

Design Moments (Uniform Dist.

Loading)
Simple Spans
wL2/8
Continuous Spans
Analysis far more complicated
What type of fixity do we actually have?
Must consider effects of patterned
loading
Formation of plastic hinges allows for
moment redistribution
11

Design Moments Continuous Spans

We have four analysis options
Elastic Analysis (preferably STAAD)
Elastic Analysis w/ Moment
Redistribution
Approximate Frame Analysis
ACI Approximate Moment Coefficients
See McCormac text Chapter 13

12


What governs the thickness of a slab?
Flexural Strength
Shear
Deflections
Usually, deflections will govern the

thickness requirements for a one-way slab
Size slab based on deflection requirements
Check shear
Design reinforcement for flexure
13


Review McCormac text, Ch. 5
(serviceability) and Ch. 3 (one-way
slabs)
Review notes from CEE 3422,
lectures on one-way slab design
and serviceability
ACI Sec. 9.5.2.1
14


(such that we do not need to compute
deflections)
For simply-supported beams, total beam
depth h must be at least L/16
A 16 ft. long simply supported beam must be

at least 12 in. deep.
For simply-supported one-way slabs, total

slab thickness h must be at least L/20
A 10 ft. long simply supported one-way slab
must be at least 6 in. deep.
You will have to look up other values!!!

15


Something to keep in mind.
Your material properties!
These tables are based on normal
strength concrete
You may wish to consider creative ways
to adjust tables for your low concrete
strength
Hint: Think about what the key concrete
material property related to deflections is
16

Load Path / Framing Possibilities

Now we can begin to develop a
framing plan for our structure
Typical practice on site is a 5 in. thick slab
We have a methodology to determine how
far a slab of a given thickness can span
Do our material properties have any
effect?
Lets look at a plan view of the twostory section

17
Note: columns
automatically
placed at each
wall end or
corner

Ln = 10.5 ft.
Ln = 14.5 ft.
Ln = 12.0 ft.
Ln = 27.0 ft.
Think well need some additional framing members??

18

Framing Concepts
Lets use a
simple example
for our
discussion
Column spacing
30 ft. on center
Think about
relating it to your
design as we
discuss
Plan
19

Framing Concepts
We can first
assume that
well have major
girders running
in one direction
in our one-way
system
Plan
20

Framing Concepts
If we span
between girders
with our slab,
then we have a
load path, but if
the spans are
too long
Plan
21

Framing Concepts
We will need to
shorten up the
span with
additional beams
Plan
22

Framing Concepts
But we need to
support the load
from these new
beams, so we
will need
additional
supporting
members
Plan
23

Framing Concepts
Now we have a
viable plan
Lets think back
through our load
path now to
identify our
heirarchy of
members
Plan
24

Framing Concepts
One-Way Slab
(continuous)
Beams
Interior (T-beams)
Exterior (L-beams)
Girders
Interior (T-beams)
Exterior (L-beams)
Plan
25

Framing Concepts
Note that by running
the one-way slab in
this EW direction, we
are actually making
the EW running beams
our major girders
The NS running beams
simply transfer the
load out to these
girders (or directly to
a column)
Plan
26

Framing Concepts
Now lets go
back through
with a slightly
different load
path
Plan
27

Framing Concepts
We again
assume that
well have major
girders running
in one direction
in our one-way
system
Plan
28

Framing Concepts
This time, lets
think about
shortening up the
slab span by
running beams
into our girders.
Our one-way slab
will transfer our
load to the beams.
Plan
29

Framing Concepts
With this
approach, we have
already
established our
heirarchy
The only
difference is in the
direction of our
load path
90 degree rotation
Plan
30

Framing Concepts - Conclusions

Either load path will work
In this case, they are identical
With a rectangular bay (instead of a
square) bay, there will be a
difference
Tradeoff is usually in number of
supporting members vs. span of
supporting members
31

Two Load Path Options
32

Framing Concepts - Considerations

For your structure:
Look for a natural load path
Identify which column lines are best
suited to having major framing
members (i.e. girders)
Assume walls are not there for
structural support, but consider that
the may help you in construction
(forming)
33

Connection / Analysis Issues

With continuous reinforced
concrete framing systems,
connections are a major issue with
respect to:
Detailing of reinforcement at these
congested areas
Assumptions regarding fixity of
beams and slabs
34


Lets first
consider our
continuous oneway slab (12
strip shown)
framing into an
exterior
(spandrel) beam
Plan
35

Slab-Exterior Beam Connection
Slab is a six span continuous system

Some fixity at end of slab due to torsional
rigidity of exterior beam, but what happens
when beam and slab crack?
Do we want to count on fixity?
Also, if we design slab for negative moment

here, we must develop reinforcement (like a
cantilever)
36


Typical
assumptions:
Simple support at
end
No moment in
slab at end
Place some
reinforcement at
top of slab to
control cracking
Design exterior
beam for minimal
torsion
37


Now lets
consider our
beam-girder
joints
Plan
38

Beam-Girder Connection
Beam is a two span continuous system

Similar situation: some fixity at end of beam
due to torsional rigidity of exterior girder, but
what happens when beam and girder crack?
Do we want to count on fixity?
Also, if we design beam for negative moment

here, we must develop reinforcement (like a
cantilever)
39


Typical
assumptions:
Simple support at
end
No moment in
beam at end
Place some
reinforcement at
top of beam to
control cracking
Design exterior
girder for minimal
torsion
40

Analysis One-Way Slab & T-Beams

For the simple elements just described,
where supports are provided by beams
and girders,
Supporting elements have some stiffness,

but it is fairly small
Assumption of treating one-way slabs and Tbeams as continuous beams is valid
A frame analysis is not needed since there
are no columns involved
Simple analysis methods can be used if all
assumptions are met (i.e. ACI moment
coefficients)
41


Finally, lets look
at beam-column
and girdercolumn joints
Three situations:
Interior column
Exterior column
Corner column
Plan
42

Interior Column Connection

Girders framing in to a column:
Columns will provide some rigidity

Moments will depend upon
distribution of stiffness
Frame analysis is warranted to
determine these moments
Unbalanced loading (patterned live
load) must be considered
Goal: Determine moments in
girders (they will not necessarily
be equal), as well as axial load &
moment combinations for columns
Beam/girder reinforcement
must be continuous through
joint
Plan
cu
cl
43

Exterior Column Connection

Same basic situation:
Columns will provide some rigidity

Moments will depend upon
distribution of stiffness
Frame analysis is warranted to
determine these moments
Unbalanced loading (patterned live
load) must be considered
Goal: Determine moments in girders
(they will not necessarily be equal),
as well as axial load & moment
combinations for columns
Beam/girder reinforcement must

be developed for negative
moment
Plan
cu
cl
44

Corner Column Connection

This is essentially the same
situation as an exterior
column
Note that where we have
beams (not girders) framing
into columns, the same
principles apply
However, these moments are
typically very small and will
usually not control the design
Plan
cu
cl
45

Analysis Girders & Beams Framing Into

Columns
For these elements, support is provided
by columns
Columns have substantial stiffness and
will attract some moments
Assumption of treating these girders and
beams as continuous beams is not valid
A frame analysis is needed to determine the
appropriate distribution of moments
Elastic analysis is recommended (STAAD,
PCABeam)
46

Seismic Detailing Requirements for

Reinforced Concrete - Introduction
IBC Section 1910

ACI 318-99 Chapter 21
These two sections, together,
identify specific detailing
requirements related to seismic
design of concrete structures
Level of detailing required is based
on Seismic Design Category
47

Work Tasks
Determine final loads on the structure
Gravity loads (dead, live)
Lateral loads (seismic, wind)
Truss analysis on roof & design of roof

members
Detailing of roof-to-structure connection
Develop a load path (framing plan) to
support the gravity loads associated
with the second story chapel
48

Work Tasks
Look into how the selection of Seismic
Design Category D will affect concrete
design detailing requirements for your
beams, columns, and slab
Work on design of one-way slab, beams,
and girders
We will discuss design for shear and torsion
next time!
49

Assignment for Tuesday

1. Submit a detailed sketch showing your framing
plan (load path for gravity loads) for the second
story chapel
Identify all columns, beam, and girder locations, and

specify a slab thickness
2. Summarize on one sheet how the selection of

Seismic Design Category D will affect the detailing
of your structure
Use a bullet item / list format to identify specific detailing

requirements for your beams, columns, and slab
Dont consider shear walls for now (they will be masonry)
50

Lecture 5 - Gravity Load Design

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Villanova University

Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering

CEE 4606 - Capstone II

CEE 4606 - Capstone II

CEE 4606 - Capstone II

Review of Progress Report #1 Presentations

CEE 4606 - Capstone II

Progress Report #1 Comments

CEE 4606 - Capstone II

Progress Report #1 Comments

CEE 4606 - Capstone II

IBC Concrete Design Requirements

First seven sections (1901 1907)

CEE 4606 - Capstone II

IBC Concrete Design Requirements

Sections 1909 1916 deal with

Get to know this document!!!

CEE 4606 - Capstone II

Load Path / Framing Issues

Consider support of the

CEE 4606 - Capstone II

Beam & One Way Slab Design

CEE 4606 - Capstone II

Beam & One Way Slab Design

CEE 4606 - Capstone II

Design of Continuous Beams and

Two Simple Spans

Continuous over Center Support

CEE 4606 - Capstone II

Design Moments (Uniform Dist.

CEE 4606 - Capstone II

Design Moments Continuous Spans

See McCormac text Chapter 13

CEE 4606 - Capstone II

Slab Thickness Considerations

Usually, deflections will govern the

CEE 4606 - Capstone II

Slab Thickness Considerations

CEE 4606 - Capstone II

Slab Thickness Considerations

A 16 ft. long simply supported beam must be

For simply-supported one-way slabs, total

You will have to look up other values!!!

CEE 4606 - Capstone II

Slab Thickness Considerations

CEE 4606 - Capstone II

Load Path / Framing Possibilities

Lets look at a plan view of the twostory section

CEE 4606 - Capstone II

Think well need some additional framing members??

CEE 4606 - Capstone II

CEE 4606 - Capstone II

CEE 4606 - Capstone II

CEE 4606 - Capstone II

CEE 4606 - Capstone II

CEE 4606 - Capstone II

CEE 4606 - Capstone II

CEE 4606 - Capstone II

CEE 4606 - Capstone II

CEE 4606 - Capstone II

CEE 4606 - Capstone II

CEE 4606 - Capstone II