mIn 1896 he published a book Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State) mFeatures of Jewish State: mGradual development and building of a state by the Jews in need of a national home mFunding of proposed state by Jewish capital and money mInfrastructural development such as communication, farms enterprises mOrganisation of an efficient army to protect the state and development of banks and other institution
m Appealed the Jews all over to seek their cooperation m Jews should cease to be aliens m A Commission to be appointed to survey possible territories on which the proposed Jewish state to be founded
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mHerzl appealed the European powers to get charter from recognised government for Dzland without people to people without landdz mAppealed Turkey, Germany, Russia, and finally England mBritish colonial secretary agreed to give a British colony near Al- Arish in Sinai. British Governor of Egyptian govt Lord Cromer objected mChamberlain offered Uganda in East Africa
m In 1904 Chamberlain died m Hence Palestine the only alternative m Herzl wrote in his journal DzI founded m the Jewish Stateǥ perhaps in 5 years, and certainly not in 50, every one will know itdz u
m By 1904 the Jews numbered 25, 000 mainly from Eastern Europe: Poland and Romania. m 1917-1933 Most of them immigrated from Russia, David Ben Gurian , influenced by socialist ideas. He founded the first city Tel Aviv. m 1933 onwards maximum Jews from Germany
mColonisation carried out systematically: mPalestine Land Development Company which trained the workers for settlement on land. mEstablishment of school, institutions, theaters, sports clubs, trade union, labour owned factories, own newspapers , land purchased from local Arab land lords and cultivated them., established cooperative and collective agricultural enterprise Ȃ ǮKibbutzǯ S
u m<est Asia Ȃgeo-political significance m<eizmann, a chemical scientist from Europe Ȃ managed to obtain the Balfour Declaration from British colonial Secretary, Arthur James Balfour, Mark Sykes on 2 Nov. 1917 mBalfour Declaration: DzHis majestyǯs government (Britain) view with favour the establishment with Palestine of a national home for Jewish people, and will use their best endeavour to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which m may prejudice the civil and religious non-Jewish communities in Palestine and the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in other countriesdz. ë
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m Paris Peace Conference, 1919- Palestine mandated territory of Britain in 1922 m Many Jews migrated to Palestine m Co-existence with the Arabs of Palestine became difficult m Outbursts of violence, both Jews and Arabs were killed.- called <ailing <all incident in 1929
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m Arabs Ȃ 73% population lived in rural areas out of which 65,000 were nomads m Arabs agricultural methods were primitive m Only 25% of muslims children attended schools m Jews Ȃ 100% literary m Jews secured financial help from outside m Jews well organized
m Shaw Commission 1929 m Peel Commission in 1937t m <oodhead Partition Commission in 1938 m 1939 <hite Paper Document- restricted immigration and terminated British commitment to Zionism m Jews condemned it as monstrous document
m Zionist conference held at Biltmore in New York, Ben Gurian adopted a resolution- rejected white paper document and favoured unlimited immigration m Such aggressive policy brought in direct confrontation with the Palestinians. m Significance- Jews turned to USA
u #$ mBritain referred Palestine issue to United Nation in Feb. 1947 mU.N. appointed a special Committee mIt proposed the territory of the British mandate west of the Jordon River to be partitioned into Arab state and Jewish state with Jerusalem under international control. mOn 29 Nov. 1947, U.N. adopted a partition plan mU.S and USSR voted in favour, England abstained, 56% of Palestine territory went to Israel m On 11 Dec. 1947 Ȃ end of British Mandate m 14 May, 1948, the Jewish National Council proclaimed the State of Israel at Tel Aviv. m Both US and USSR accorded recognition.
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%#$& m Neighbouring states: Egypt, Syria, Jordon, Iraq and Lebanon declared war on Israel m Israel inflicted defeat on Arabs m Arabs poorly equipped , and divided m King Abdullah of Jordon interested in seizing the area of Palestine west of the River Jordon- the <est Bank m Israel massacred the Arabs in Israel m Arabs fled to neighboring areas-created refugee problems and miserable condition m US, Br and France guaranteed Israel Frontiers, but Arab states refused the ceasefire as permanent. ' %()& mEvents leading to Sinai Crisis: mSep 1955 Egypt announced an arms deal with Czechoslovakia, a Communist mIn Dec. 1955 <orld Bank agreed to provide $20 million to build Aswan Dam in addition to American loan of $56 million and Britain $14 million , Condition laid that Nasser loosened his ties with the communists. Nasser did not comply mAmerica and Britain withdrew the promised aid d
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m Nasseer nationalised the suez canal to finance the Aswan dam. m Br and Fr objected as they were major shareholders. m Conference held at London - August 1956 m Nasser formed a joint military command with Syria and Jordon, blocked the Straits of Tiran, so hold over Red sea mFrance, proposed a plan, where by Israel should counterattack in the Sinai Peninsula. mPretext to Br and Fr to reoccupy the Canal Zone to protect it mOct. 1956 Israel invaded the Gaza strip and the Sinai Peninsula, and advanced towards the Suez Canal. mEng and Fr issued an ultimatum demanding withdrawal of both Israel and Egyptian forces from the Canal. mOn 31 Oct, Israel accepted the ultimatum, but Egypt refused. mEng and France entered the conflict by attacking the Egyptian bases. mFortunately U.S and USSR demanded a ceasefire and forced Br, Fr and Israel to withdraw. mUnited Nations Emergency Force stationed troops on the frontier between Israel and Egypt '
mIsrael proved more stronger than Egypt mAnti-west feeling increased among the Arabs, pan Arabic spirit increased which culminated in the United Arab Republic in 1958 mNasser emerged stronger as a hero of Arab nationalism,- a leader of the Arab world mPalestine Liberation Organisation set up under Arafat to fight for justice for the Arabs in 1964 mUSA alarmed by the growing popularity of Nasser mBritish and France suffered humiliations '*
%)+& mArabs determination to destroy Israel, joined hands together-Lead was taken by Iraq, Syria and Egypt. mIn May 1967, Cairo Radio announced DzAll Egypt is now prepared to plunge into total war which will put an end to Israel.dz mNasser called for the withdrawal of US Emergency Force, received support from Saudi Arabi and Iraq and Jordon and closed the Strait of Tiran m Prime Minister Levi Eshkol of Israel appointed General Moshe Dayan as Defence Minister mMoshe ordered a surprise attack on the Egyptian Air Force followed by an attack on all fronts. mIn 6 six day, Israel occupied the Gaza strip and whole of Sinai Peninsula up to the east bank of the Suez canal, the rest of Jerusalem and the <est Bank from Jordon, and the Golan Heights from Syria mBy the time the UN Security Council called for cease fire, the Arabs had suffered a major psychological and military defeat. ,- %+& mNasser died in 1970 Anwar Sadat, the President of Egypt mIn 1973, Egypt and Syria launched a new attack on 6 October, the holiest day in theJewish Calendar. mAfter initial success, Israel succeeded in holding the territory captured in 1967, attacked Suez Canal into Egypt, and across the Golan Heights towards Damascus , Syria lost further 300 square miles of territory m Arab oil producing states reduced supply of oil to western powers and US resulting in oil crisis m OPEC(Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries) increased the oil prices causing inflation in the world. ÷ u
mSadat convinced about peace as a solution to the problems. mSecretary of State, Henry Kissinger of US played the intermediary role mBy the end of 1975, the Suez Canal which was closed since 1967 was opened mEgyptian and Syrian troops withdrew from the confrontation positions mPresident Nixon visited <est Asia and Sadat to <ashington
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÷ + mIn 1977, Sadatǯs position in Egypt was threatened by riots and unrest due to inflation , low std of living. mMost of the Arab world contd to be anti- Israel mYet Sadat announced for peace settlement with Israel Prime minister, Begin mInspite of opposition from the Arab league, the Peace treaty was signed between Egypt and Israel in <ashington in March 1979 with Carter as intermediary.
mIsrael promised to withdraw her troops from Sinai. mEgypt promised not to attack Israel again mEgypt guaranteed to supply oil and Israeli ships could use the Suez Canal m<ithin five years self-governing authorities will be established in the <est Bank of the Jordon, and Gaza strip and Syria mTreaty condemned by PLO and most Arab States. m In Nov. 1980 Begin announced Israel would not return Golan Heights and <est Bank. m Extremist Muslim soldiers assassinated Sadat while he was watching a military parade in October 1981. They believed that he had betrayed the Arab and Muslim . u.
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m June 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon and defeated PLO, Syrian armed forces, m Followed by raids and counter raids m Resulted in Intifada- uprising in 1987 in Israel occupied Palestine areas- because of miserable conditions, they boycotted Israel goods, attacked Israelǯs soldiers m Israel resorted to armed suppression of the revolt.
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/0 m1992 Rabin, the newly elected Prime Minister believed in negotiation and concessions to achieve lasting peace. mYasser Arafat responded favourably and both flew to US agreed to sign the historic peace agreement. mBy the peace accord Israel formally recognised PLO and vice versa mIsrael agreed to establish self rule in Gaza strip and <est Bank m Extremist groups of both Israel and Palestine opposed as In Palestine they wanted complete independence and Israeli settlers in <est Bank were against all concession to the PLO m Yet in July 1994 Rabin and King Hussein of Jordon signed a peace agreement ending 46 years of conflict and strained relations. ! ( mSep 1995, Rabin and Arafat signed the Taba Agreement in <ashington mProclaimed self-rule for Palestenians mIsrael agreed to withdraw its troops from most of the <est Bank in stages over several years and handing over both civil and security powers to the PLO mAll Palestinian prisoners held by Israel would be released in three phases mYigal Amir, a Jewish student hostile to the agreement assassinated Rabin on Nov 4, 1995
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mHamas carried four suicide bombings in 1996 claiming 63 lives in Israel mHizbollah, militant Shiate Islamic group attacked northern Israel from Lebanon mToday peace process between the Israelis and the Palestinians had remained a distant dream. mRigid stand taken by the extremist on both side, the terrorist activities of the Palestinian militant group Hamas, especially the suicide bombing in Israel killing the people and the ruthless attacks by Israeli armed forces, especially targeting the Hamas leadership has strained relations.