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mFoundation of political zionism ; Theodore

Herzl an Austrian journalist


mIn 1896 he published a book Der
Judenstaat (The Jewish State)
mFeatures of Jewish State:
mGradual development and building of a
state by the Jews in need of a national home
mFunding of proposed state by Jewish capital and
money
mInfrastructural development such as
communication, farms enterprises
mOrganisation of an efficient army to protect the
state and development of banks and other
institution
  

m Appealed the Jews all over to seek their cooperation
m Jews should cease to be aliens
m A Commission to be appointed to survey possible
territories on which the proposed Jewish state to be
founded
     
 
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mOrganisation and binding of all Jews using local
and international institutions in the country
which they lived
mStrengthening the national consciousness and
awareness among the Jews
mSecuring consent of governments of Europe
mConference emphasized on having Jewish army,
multi-lingual press, and a Jewish national fund for
acquisition of land
 

mHerzl appealed the European powers to get charter
from recognised government for Dzland without
people to people without landdz
mAppealed Turkey, Germany, Russia, and finally
England
mBritish colonial secretary agreed to give a British
colony near Al- Arish in Sinai. British Governor of
Egyptian govt Lord Cromer objected
mChamberlain offered Uganda in East Africa
   
m In 1904 Chamberlain died
m Hence Palestine the only alternative
m Herzl wrote in his journal DzI founded
m the Jewish Stateǥ perhaps in 5 years, and certainly
not in 50, every one will know itdz
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m By 1904 the Jews numbered 25, 000 mainly from
Eastern Europe: Poland and Romania.
m 1917-1933 Most of them immigrated from Russia,
David Ben Gurian , influenced by socialist ideas. He
founded the first city Tel Aviv.
m 1933 onwards maximum Jews from Germany
 
  
 
mColonisation carried out systematically:
mPalestine Land Development Company which
trained the workers for settlement on land.
mEstablishment of school, institutions, theaters,
sports clubs, trade union, labour owned factories,
own newspapers , land purchased from local Arab
land lords and cultivated them., established
cooperative and collective agricultural enterprise Ȃ
ǮKibbutzǯ
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m<est Asia Ȃgeo-political significance
m<eizmann, a chemical scientist from Europe Ȃ
managed to obtain the Balfour Declaration from
British colonial Secretary, Arthur James Balfour,
Mark Sykes on 2 Nov. 1917
mBalfour Declaration: DzHis majestyǯs government
(Britain) view with favour the establishment with
Palestine of a national home for Jewish people,
and will use their best endeavour to facilitate the
achievement of this object, it being clearly
understood that nothing shall be done which
m may prejudice the civil and religious non-Jewish
communities in Palestine and the rights and political
status enjoyed by Jews in other countriesdz.
ë S     
m Paris Peace Conference, 1919- Palestine mandated
territory of Britain in 1922
m Many Jews migrated to Palestine
m Co-existence with the Arabs of Palestine became
difficult
m Outbursts of violence, both Jews and Arabs were
killed.- called <ailing <all incident in 1929

   
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m Arabs Ȃ 73% population lived in rural areas out of
which 65,000 were nomads
m Arabs agricultural methods were primitive
m Only 25% of muslims children attended schools
m Jews Ȃ 100% literary
m Jews secured financial help from outside
m Jews well organized
   
m Shaw Commission 1929
m Peel Commission in 1937t
m <oodhead Partition Commission in 1938
m 1939 <hite Paper Document- restricted immigration
and terminated British commitment to Zionism
m Jews condemned it as monstrous document
›    

m Zionist conference held at Biltmore in New York, Ben
Gurian adopted a resolution- rejected white paper
document and favoured unlimited immigration
m Such aggressive policy brought in direct confrontation
with the Palestinians.
m Significance- Jews turned to USA
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mBritain referred Palestine issue to United Nation in
Feb. 1947
mU.N. appointed a special Committee
mIt proposed the territory of the British mandate
west of the Jordon River to be partitioned into
Arab state and Jewish state with Jerusalem under
international control.
mOn 29 Nov. 1947, U.N. adopted a partition plan
mU.S and USSR voted in favour, England abstained,
56% of Palestine territory went to Israel
m On 11 Dec. 1947 Ȃ end of British Mandate
m 14 May, 1948, the Jewish National Council proclaimed
the State of Israel at Tel Aviv.
m Both US and USSR accorded recognition.

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m Neighbouring states: Egypt, Syria, Jordon, Iraq and
Lebanon declared war on Israel
m Israel inflicted defeat on Arabs
m Arabs poorly equipped , and divided
m King Abdullah of Jordon interested in seizing the area
of Palestine west of the River Jordon- the <est Bank
m Israel massacred the Arabs in Israel
m Arabs fled to neighboring areas-created refugee
problems and miserable condition
m US, Br and France guaranteed Israel Frontiers, but
Arab states refused the ceasefire as permanent.
› ' 
%()&
mEvents leading to Sinai Crisis:
mSep 1955 Egypt announced an arms deal with
Czechoslovakia, a Communist
mIn Dec. 1955 <orld Bank agreed to provide $20
million to build Aswan Dam in addition to
American loan of $56 million and Britain $14
million , Condition laid that Nasser loosened his
ties with the communists. Nasser did not comply
mAmerica and Britain withdrew the promised aid
d


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m Nasseer nationalised the suez canal to finance the
Aswan dam.
m Br and Fr objected as they were major shareholders.
m Conference held at London - August 1956
m Nasser formed a joint military command with Syria
and Jordon, blocked the Straits of Tiran, so hold over
Red sea
mFrance, proposed a plan, where by Israel should
counterattack in the Sinai Peninsula.
mPretext to Br and Fr to reoccupy the Canal Zone to
protect it
mOct. 1956 Israel invaded the Gaza strip and the
Sinai Peninsula, and advanced towards the Suez
Canal.
mEng and Fr issued an ultimatum demanding
withdrawal of both Israel and Egyptian forces from
the Canal.
mOn 31 Oct, Israel accepted the ultimatum, but
Egypt refused.
mEng and France entered the conflict by attacking
the Egyptian bases.
mFortunately U.S and USSR demanded a ceasefire
and forced Br, Fr and Israel to withdraw.
mUnited Nations Emergency Force stationed troops
on the frontier between Israel and Egypt
'  
   

mIsrael proved more stronger than Egypt
mAnti-west feeling increased among the Arabs, pan
Arabic spirit increased which culminated in the
United Arab Republic in 1958
mNasser emerged stronger as a hero of Arab
nationalism,- a leader of the Arab world
mPalestine Liberation Organisation set up under
Arafat to fight for justice for the Arabs in 1964
mUSA alarmed by the growing popularity of Nasser
mBritish and France suffered humiliations
› '*

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mArabs determination to destroy Israel, joined
hands together-Lead was taken by Iraq, Syria and
Egypt.
mIn May 1967, Cairo Radio announced DzAll Egypt is
now prepared to plunge into total war which will
put an end to Israel.dz
mNasser called for the withdrawal of US Emergency
Force, received support from Saudi Arabi and Iraq
and Jordon and closed the Strait of Tiran
m Prime Minister Levi Eshkol of Israel appointed
General Moshe Dayan as Defence Minister
mMoshe ordered a surprise attack on the Egyptian
Air Force followed by an attack on all fronts.
mIn 6 six day, Israel occupied the Gaza strip and
whole of Sinai Peninsula up to the east bank of the
Suez canal, the rest of Jerusalem and the <est
Bank from Jordon, and the Golan Heights from
Syria
mBy the time the UN Security Council called for
cease fire, the Arabs had suffered a major
psychological and military defeat.
› , -
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mNasser died in 1970 Anwar Sadat, the President of
Egypt
mIn 1973, Egypt and Syria launched a new attack on
6 October, the holiest day in theJewish Calendar.
mAfter initial success, Israel succeeded in holding
the territory captured in 1967, attacked Suez Canal
into Egypt, and across the Golan Heights towards
Damascus , Syria lost further 300 square miles of
territory
m Arab oil producing states reduced supply of oil to
western powers and US resulting in oil crisis
m OPEC(Organisation of Petroleum Exporting
Countries) increased the oil prices causing inflation
in the world.
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mSadat convinced about peace as a solution to the
problems.
mSecretary of State, Henry Kissinger of US played
the intermediary role
mBy the end of 1975, the Suez Canal which was
closed since 1967 was opened
mEgyptian and Syrian troops withdrew from the
confrontation positions
mPresident Nixon visited <est Asia and Sadat to
<ashington

 
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mIn 1977, Sadatǯs position in Egypt was threatened
by riots and unrest due to inflation , low std of
living.
mMost of the Arab world contd to be anti- Israel
mYet Sadat announced for peace settlement with
Israel Prime minister, Begin
mInspite of opposition from the Arab league, the
Peace treaty was signed between Egypt and Israel
in <ashington in March 1979 with Carter as
intermediary.
›    ›

mIsrael promised to withdraw her troops from Sinai.
mEgypt promised not to attack Israel again
mEgypt guaranteed to supply oil and Israeli ships
could use the Suez Canal
m<ithin five years self-governing authorities will be
established in the <est Bank of the Jordon, and
Gaza strip and Syria
mTreaty condemned by PLO and most Arab States.
m In Nov. 1980 Begin announced Israel would not return
Golan Heights and <est Bank.
m Extremist Muslim soldiers assassinated Sadat while he
was watching a military parade in October 1981. They
believed that he had betrayed the Arab and Muslim .
u .
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m June 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon and defeated PLO,
Syrian armed forces,
m Followed by raids and counter raids
m Resulted in Intifada- uprising in 1987 in Israel
occupied Palestine areas- because of miserable
conditions, they boycotted Israel goods, attacked
Israelǯs soldiers
m Israel resorted to armed suppression of the revolt.

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m1992 Rabin, the newly elected Prime Minister
believed in negotiation and concessions to achieve
lasting peace.
mYasser Arafat responded favourably and both flew
to US agreed to sign the historic peace agreement.
mBy the peace accord Israel formally recognised PLO
and vice versa
mIsrael agreed to establish self rule in Gaza strip and
<est Bank
m Extremist groups of both Israel and Palestine opposed
as In Palestine they wanted complete independence
and Israeli settlers in <est Bank were against all
concession to the PLO
m Yet in July 1994 Rabin and King Hussein of Jordon
signed a peace agreement ending 46 years of conflict
and strained relations.
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mSep 1995, Rabin and Arafat signed the Taba
Agreement in <ashington
mProclaimed self-rule for Palestenians
mIsrael agreed to withdraw its troops from most of
the <est Bank in stages over several years and
handing over both civil and security powers to the
PLO
mAll Palestinian prisoners held by Israel would be
released in three phases
mYigal Amir, a Jewish student hostile to the
agreement assassinated Rabin on Nov 4, 1995
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mHamas carried four suicide bombings in 1996
claiming 63 lives in Israel
mHizbollah, militant Shiate Islamic group attacked
northern Israel from Lebanon
mToday peace process between the Israelis and the
Palestinians had remained a distant dream.
mRigid stand taken by the extremist on both side,
the terrorist activities of the Palestinian militant
group Hamas, especially the suicide bombing in
Israel killing the people and the ruthless attacks
by Israeli armed forces, especially targeting the
Hamas leadership has strained relations.

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